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From av1d@aol.com.wipo.cc Fri Dec 14 21:29:05 2001 Newsgroups: alt.phreaking Subject: [Text] Telephone frequency and crystal tutorial From: av1d@aol.com.wipo.cc (av1d) Date: 15 Dec 2001 05:29:05 GMT Telephone frequency and crystal tutorial. Or, how to make new frequencies with your phone. Started: 4:30 AM 10/9/01 Finished: 5:12 PM 10/9/01 Last updated: 11:00 PM 12/14/01 By: av1d [at] aol [dot] com Did you ever wonder how to find the right crystal for your phone, because you needed a certain frequency? This is how it is done. Starting off, we assume that your standard phone (the one you want to modify), has a 3.58 MHz crystal. Yes, phones have crystals too, not just tone dialers. The crystal will either be a silver can, or tan or blue like a ceramic capacitor, and likely have '3.58' printed on it's side. If you're using a cordless, the 3.58 MHz crystal is probably in the base. Some cordless phones do not use 3.58 at all, and all cordless usualy have more than 1 crystal, so beware. When we see plans on how to modify a tone dialer, they call for a new crystal to be installed. The frequency can vary from 6.46 to 6.55, above and below also. With the Radio Shack tone dialer modification, the * key has a frequency result of column 1 and row four. (2200 & 1700 after the crystal is installed). Here is the layout of a standard phone keypad with a phone using a plain old 3.58 MHz crystal. 1209 1336 1477 697 [1] [2] [3] FIG. A DTMF grid 770 [4] [5] [6] 852 [7] [8] [9] 941 [*] [0] [#] The columns go from top to bottom, and the rows left to right. The numbers outside of the keys are the frequencies [Listed in Hz]. To dial a digit, two frequencies are combined. (Not always though, you can dial with one frequency, depending where you are). We can see from the grid that the [1] key lays in the cross path of 697Hz and 1209Hz. So, 697Hz & 1209Hz = [1]. Remember that 6.5 MHz crystal? This is how the DTMF grid would look like if it were installed. 2176 2405 2658 1255 [1] [2] [3] FIG. B 1386 [4] [5] [6] 1534 [7] [8] [9] 1695 [*] [0] [#] Note that 1695 is very close to 1700, but the 2176 is a little further away. Why is this? Because the way that 99% of DTMF ICs divide the original frequency (in this case 6.5 MHz), probably won't leave you with both of the exact frequencies you need. But if we had used a 6.49, the frequencies would be 1703 and 2188, even closer than the 6.5. A 6.46 MHz crystal would be even closer to the actual frequency. So, contrary to popular belief, a 6.46 is probably the best you could do for a redbox crystal, unless you want to sit there and do the math until you find something closer. Now you may be asking, how do you figure out the frequencies? First we start off with the crystal that was intended to be used in your phone, 3.58 MHz. And then the second chosen crystal. This time we will use the 6.46. The formula is like this: X1 / X2 = I N1 * I = N2 Fairly simple. Now, X1 is the crystal with the higher value, so in this case its 6.46 MHz. X2 is the 3.58 MHz crystal. X1 / X2 = 1.804 (6.46 / 3.58 = 1.804). N1 can be either one column frequency, or one row frequency. 697(row1) * 1.804 = 1257 (row1 with 6.4 MHz crystal) Full example: 3.58 / 6.46 = 1.80 697 * 1.80 = 1257 That is the new frequency row 1, 1257 Hz Now column 1: 3.58 / 6.46 = 1.804 1209 * 1.804 = 2181 With 2181 Hz being the new frequency for column 1. Note that you CANNOT make an 'A' tone by changing the crystal! :( This is because 697 cannot be divded, neither can 1209 (with just a regular crystal). If you can find a way to divide it, then go ahead. Also, the closest match to getting B C D, would be 3.95 Megahertz crystal. This would produce B on the 6 key, C on the 9 key, and D on the # key. I've checked Digikey and stuff like that, but couldn't find a crystal of 3.95MHz. I've written a QBasic program to calculate crystals for you. If you don't have QBasic, assuming you even use Winblows or DOS, it is on the Window 95/98 CD in the folder "oldmsdos". If you don't have the CD, check the QBasic Top 50 website. Also, qbasic.com has QBasic compilers. Just open the code in them and make an exe file. '------------- 'Begin xtalcalc.bas '------------- nx: RESET CLS ' ONLY WORKS ON THE FIRST COLUMN FREQUENCY! NOTHING ELSE! ' CHANGE C1 TO ANOTHER COLUMN OR ROW FREQ IF NEEDED ' ' FORMULA: ' ' X1 / X2 = M * 3.58 ' [CRYSTAL 1 DIVIDED BY CRYSTAL TWO MULTIPLY WITH 3.58] ' HIGHER FREQUENCY IS ALWAYS X1! ' ' This is not completely accurate, and I can't code! ' But, it works good enough. in: CONST x0 = 3.58 CONST c1 = 1209 CONST r4 = 941 x1 = 2000 INPUT "Needed column 1 Frequency in Hz "; x1 n = x1 ON ERROR GOTO handler PRINT x1 / c1 * x0, "MHz crystal" PRINT c1 / x1 * x0, "Multiplier" PRINT x1 / c1 * c1, "Column 1" PRINT x1 / c1 * r4, "Row 4" PRINT "" PRINT n; "Hz is the * key with a"; n / c1 * x0; "MHz crystal" x1 = 2000: GOTO in: CLS handler: CLS : PRINT "An error has occurred." ON ERROR GOTO handler SLEEP 2.2 GOTO in: CLS END --------------------------- Installing your new crystal --------------------------- Desolder the old crystal in the phone, and add the new one. If you want to use both, here is a schematic to hook them up. _______________ | | [1] | [2] | | | | | | O O | |_|_| | | + + + | __+ + +__ | | |___|___| | | | |toggle | | | | |_______| | | | |_| |__________| |_______________________| 1 and 2 are the crystals. One lead on each are tied together, then soldered to the center pin on a 3 lead toggle switch. The lead left over on each crystal is soldered to the remaining leads of the toggle. On the three leads, solder 3 wires. The center wire gets soldered onto one of the holes on the phone where the crystals were, and the two outside wires get soldered into the other hole. You can add more than 2 crystals by using a hex switch and maybe a couple toggles. --------------------------- This text turned out longer than planned. I wrote this because I couldn't find out how to calculate the frequencies properly, but finally found how. Hopefully this was helpfull instead of discouraging. Next time you need a frequency on your phone, you know how to do it. Crystals are not the only way to change frequencies, but that is another file. My favorite component resources: www.digikey.com www.mouser.com www.newark.com www.bgmicro.com Thanks to: Lucky225 for his article on the Orange Box, which I used to find out some of the calculations. Also the alt.2600 Hack FAQ, which I used the DTMF information to figure out some of the calculations, and stole the funky DTMF grid. - av1d - 5:12 PM 10/9/01-------------------------------------------+++EOF