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Background for pursuing scalar electromagnetics
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March 1, 1992
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BACKGROUND FOR PURSUING SCALAR ELECTROMAGNETICS
T. E. Bearden
February 1992
Note
This informal paper is augmented and adapted from a letter to a
young senior in EE, who was planning to pursue his doctorate, and
asked for advice in understanding the scalar electromagnetics
area and choosing either physics or EE as a major. The reply
back to the student enclosed several formal background papers.
[1][2] This paper is a sort of "executive summary" of scalar EM.
To Correspondent
Delighted to see you are interested in the material and the
approach; I will try to give you some quick answers to your main
questions.
Best is to simply start with my latest book, Gravitobiology, from
the Tesla Book Co., POB 12183, Chula Vista, CA 91912, phone (619)
426-8213.
Two Kinds of Electromagnetics
Specifically, you must understand that there are two kinds of EM.
One is flawed and in the normal textbooks, and you will study it
in your education process. The other kind is not in your
textbooks at all, but it is in some good technical papers, if you
know what they are, what to read, and how to put them together.
By the time you get your doctorate, hopefully scalar
electromagnetics will be in fashion at most of the leading
universities.
For the second, unknown kind of EM, you should read the two
Whittaker papers bound in as Annexes to the Gravitobiology book.
[3][4] They give you the basic theory you need, for the internal
EM and for scalar EM potential interferometry. Study them until
the material is coming out of your ears in your sleep.
Page 1
Internal EM Structure of the Scalar Potential
Briefly, Whittaker shows you that a scalar EM potential is
comprised of bidirectional EM wave pairs, where the pairs are
harmonics and phase-locked together. In each coupled
wave/antiwave pair, a true forward-time EM wave is coupled to a
time-reversal of itself __ its phase conjugate replica antiwave.
The two waves are spatially in phase, but temporally they are 180
degrees out of phase. That combined energy thus stresses the
"time dimension', and in fact alters the local rate of flow of
time itself. Please note how fundamental that statement is.
Everything may be said to exist in time, or "move along in time,"
or to "be in linear motion along the time axis." When you stress
and alter the rate of flow of time, you also affect all those
time-present things such as inertia of an object, mass of the
object, its angular momentum, clock rates, etc. You directly
engineer local general relativity, and you electromagnetically
curve local spacetime.
Time Reversal and the Time-Reversed EM Wave
You must understand time-reversal and the time-reversed EM wave
[5] itself, including the theory of the phase conjugate mirror
and of the pumped phase conjugate mirror (from nonlinear optics.)
Yariv [6] Chapter 16 and Pepper [7][8] are key to that
understanding. Study these references also until the material is
coming out of your ears in your sleep.
Also study Sachs' overview of time reversal in physics. [9] Here
you will find that time-reversal still isn't well understood at
all, but Sachs does a marvelous job in presenting what is known
and used. You should also realize that a time-reversed (TR) wave
is seen by the observer in his own "forward time." Hence he sees
the wave spatially reversed. In short, he sees the same thing as
he would see if a movie __ of the wave expressed as a forward
time wave __ were simply reversed. So the TR wave ever-converges
on its course, rather than diverges. Convergence is the time-
reversal of divergence. Apply similar TR processes to other
characteristics of a normal wave, by letting the movie film run
backward in your mind. Notice particularly what happens to the
forward-time entropy of scattered waves __ it becomes negentropy
when you time-reverse the scattered waves. You can recover
"order" or "energy" even after it's been scattered in performing
work, by phase conjugate reflection. And then you can use it
again. Remember, every system is driven, with continual input
and output of energy. We are not violating the conservation of
energy of a closed system, because we are not talking about a
closed system.
Destroy the Mystique of Entropy
Remove in your mind the neo-religious mystique built up around
the entropy concept. The two serious postulations (assumptions)
of entropy are (1) every component is a forward-time critter,
with no time-reversed critters allowed, and (2) random variable
statistics is assumed a priori. With the Whittaker decomposition
of the scalar potential into a surprising and perfectly ordered
set of harmonic biwave pairs, you have blown away the random
variable statistics assumption. By phase conjugate mirror
Page 2
production of time-reversed EM waves, you have blown away the
forward-time assumption. So entropy isn't what it used to be,
and the second law of thermodynamics is not a mystical,
irrevocable law of nature at all. To believe that it is, is
dogma, not science. Entropy can be transformed directly into
negentropy, and negentropy can even be amplified. Specifically,
the pumped phase conjugate mirror does exactly that.
Statistical Gravitons and Coupled Photons
Then consider the Whittaker EM biwave structure of the potential
again, from the particle viewpoint. The wave is made of photons,
and the antiwave is made of antiphotons. Since the wave and
antiwave in each set are perfectly correlated, so must be the
photons/antiphotons. The waves are passing through each other,
so to speak, in the time dimension only. They are perfectly
coordinated spatially. Thus so are the photon/antiphoton pairs.
That is, the photons and antiphotons are continually coupling and
decoupling, in each wave/antiwave pair. Since all the
wave/antiwave sets are phase-locked, then one has the unusual
feature that this potential in the local spacetime has formed a
spacetime lattice, perfectly organized both spatially and
temporally. Further, when a photon and antiphoton are coupled,
the resulting system has helicity-2. This spin-2 entity is a
graviton. However, it is not a hard particle, because it is
continually forming and unforming. Hence it is a statistical
graviton. Occasionally, more than two photons couple;
occasionally the coupling opportunity is missed. We are
interested in the average coupling's spin value; that may be
either integral or fractional. What is happening in the
Whittaker spacetime lattice __ with respect to the photon
coupling and decoupling __ is that energy is oscillating back and
forth between expression as EM energy/order (photons decoupled)
and expression as gravitational energy/order (photons coupled).
The statistical graviton process is not confined to helicity-2
gravitons, since the spin-2 value just represents the average
coupling. Spin-2 statistical gravitons represent or produce a
flat local spacetime, since the lattice has no surplus or
shortage of either photons or antiphotons. Indeed, we may regard
the coupled photons and antiphotons as a special sort of "Dirac
sea," similar to the Dirac sea of negative energy electrons.
Depending upon the helicity, the spacetime may have an excess of
deficiency of photons, in which case it is said to be curved.
Also, it can thus serve as a source or a sink, depending upon
whether the hidden photon sea has a surplus or a deficiency.
Graviton Helicity and Spacetime Curvature
Note that we are often using the term "photons" to mean either
photons or antiphotons.
If in the statistical graviton we increase the photon coupling to
__ say __ 2.1 photons average, then this provides gravitons of
spin 2.1. In this case the local spacetime is curved, since it
has an excess EM energy density, as compared to normal ambient
vacuum. It has an excess of photons, so to speak, and can thus
serve as a photon source (an EM energy source). If the averaged
coupling is 1.9, say, then the local spacetime is curved in the
Page 3
opposite direction. In that case, the vacuum is deficient in
photons, and can act as a sink for EM energy.
An Asymmetrical Vacuum Violates Local Conservation
In a locally curved spacetime, then, one may have either an
energy source or an energy sink, depending upon how one makes or
engineers this local vacuum/spacetime. In a curved local
spacetime, the local vacuum/spacetime interacts directly with a
system placed there, and it can be designed to produce either
extra energy in the system or absorb energy from the system. A
curved local spacetime is a locally asymmetrical spacetime. With
this violation of symmetry, most of the conservation laws can be
broken locally. One can readily have magnetic monopoles also, in
such a locally curved system. [10] These violated laws include
conservation of energy, electrical charge, magnetic charge,
momentum, etc. The vacuum itself becomes an engine, to perform
work upon the system.
Using the Inner Hidden EM Order of Entropy
With the pumped phase conjugate mirror concept, you can decompose
negentropic EM scattering stress energy (even heat) into ordered
bidirectional sets of Whittaker waves, use these Whittaker waves
as pump waves inputting to a phase conjugate mirror(PCM),
"tickle" the PCM with a very small "signal" wave input, and get
out all of the entropic pump energy back in perfect order, as a
powerfully amplified time-reversed phase conjugate replica (PCR)
of the little signal wave.
If you look in that fashion at Tesla's magnifying transmitter
that he built on Long Island, you will see that he really is
treating the earth itself as a pumped phase conjugate mirror, and
he is using his transmitter to provide a stimulus wave into the
earth. When things are done right (there's also one or two more
requirements), when so stimulated the scalar EM potential
represented by the heat and pressure energy of the earth's
interior will partially organize itself internally as sets of
Whittaker pump waves. The combination of these Whittaker
bidirectional EM waves and the highly nonlinear material of the
earth then become a pumped phase conjugate mirror (PPCM).
Tesla's transmitter is furnishing the "stimulus" wave to cause
internal Whittaker bidirectional self-ordering to occur (actually
through nonlinear harmonic and subharmonic resonance).
Now suppose the earth has been "stimulated" in this fashion, and
has become a PPCM earth. By standard, orthodox, nonlinear optics
theory, proved by thousands of experiments and papers in the
literature, you can then input a small "signal wave" from a
distant transmitter anywhere on earth, at the distant locality,
and there you will receive back from the PPCM earth an amplified
phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave, with far more energy in it
than you put in, in your signal wave. So you can use Tesla's
approach to directly organize the enormous heat and pressure
energy of the earth, forming them (considered as a scalar
potential) into a giant "standing Whittaker pump wave" in the
earth, and tap that Whittaker wave anywhere else in the world
that you transmit in another little signal wave. In late April
to early May of 1985, Frank Golden detected and measured the
Page 4
Soviets doing precisely that, on 27 pairs of EM pump wave
frequencies, 12 kilohertz apart. [11] Almost incredible
electrical power was being extracted from the earth, to power
enormous Soviet directed energy weapons as part of the May Day
celebrations for the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II
against the Nazis.
Pumped Phase Conjugation as a Negentropic Process
In other words, you can defeat entropy disordering by this pumped
PCM means. You do it by turning positive (scattering) (entropic)
energy of the pump waves into negative (gathering) (negentropic)
energy of the amplified PCR wave. Note that almost all of what
you were taught about entropy assumes that all components of the
entropic system are time-forward components, and that none of
them are time-reversed components. It would be nice if the
leading thermodynamics experts would do some real hard work with
Whittaker potentials, internal EM biwave structures of scalar
potentials, PCMs, pumped PCMs, and time-reversed waves in
general, not just at optical frequencies, and not just with
obscure electro-optical devices.
Time Reversal and Correction of Disorder
Be sure you understand Yariv's statement of the distortion
correction theorem. [12] The principle is awkwardly named, but
it contains the gist of engineerable negentropy. Read it and say
it over and over, until your mind grasps its fantastic
implications. You can easily make a wave that will restore
former order after the scattering of that order. Realize also
that the time-reversed wave is a general solution to the wave
equation. Any kind of wave __ EM, sound, mechanical, whatever __
can be phase-conjugated/time-reversed in this manner. In his New
York lab, Tesla apparently did it first, with mechanical
vibration waves, before the turn of the century. [13] His later
telegeodynamics [14] actually envisioned the use of time-
reversed, laser-like mechanical waves that traveled through the
earth's crust to a distant point. He also understood the use of
two such beams from separated separate transmitters, so that the
beams met and crossed at that distant point, to reproduce __ by
scalar interferometry __ the mechanical effects desired at that
point. Whittaker's 1904 paper will show you that interference of
two such scalar potentials will indeed produce ordinary force
fields in the interference zone. You can fairly readily produce
force fields at a distance. By calculation of the form of
potential needed, you can even produce them in the geometric
patterns and directions you wish. Ball lightning, e.g., is one
of nature's ways of using distance-independent scalar
interferometry to produce such stabilized geometrical forms of EM
energy. Try finding any other laboratory-testable explanation of
ball lightning in the physics and electrical engineering
curricula!
Whittaker and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect
You must also understand what the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is.
Read carefully the cited AB 1959 paper. [15] You must also
comprehend the fact that Whittaker's work in 1903 and 1904 had
already anticipated the AB effect, and drastically extended it
Page 5
engineerably and in a distance-independent manner, into the
macroscopic world, far beyond the several thousand angstroms to
which it has now been laboriously proven by modern physicists.
A Basic Knowledge of Atomic Nuclei
You need to know a little something about atomic nuclei,
isotopes, isomers, etc. A variety of introductory nuclear
physics or nuclear engineering books have the necessary material
in a few chapters.
Vacuum Is a Plenum, Not an Emptiness
You need to also understand what the vacuum is. My own later
work will give you an overall grasp of that, and for deeper
understanding you can check cited references that appeal to you.
[16][17][18][19][20] I warn you that we've all been so
conditioned to think of the vacuum as "nothing" and an
"emptiness," that it takes some doing to overcome that deep-set,
unconscious bias in one's own thinking.
The Major Physics Disciplines Are Inconsistent
You need to be aware that there are serious conflicts and
inconsistences existing between general relativity,
electromagnetics, and quantum mechanics. [21] Physics is not
unified, and it is not even consistent. No one, for example,
even knows what a photon really is. [22] It is not just a
localized particle, that much is sure; it's more like a delta
appearing in the calculated constant of each frequency term in an
infinite Fourier expansion series. In fact we've got four major
photon models, all different, and we just plug in whichever model
has been found to give the right answers for a particular
application. [23] As another example, the field concept is known
to be fundamentally in error, but it is so useful that it
continues to be widely utilized. [24]
Force Fields Versus Potentials
The conflict between QM and EM is particularly poignant in
regards to what causes electromagnetic phenomena in the first
place. [25] In classical EM theory the forcefields are
considered the primary causes, and the potentials are just sort
of mathematical conveniences. In quantum mechanics, however, you
have exactly the contrary view. There, the potentials are the
primary causes, and the force fields are secondary effects,
created in the charged particle system itself by the interference
there of the potentials. Vacuum is pure potential, nothing else.
[26] The forcefields do not even exist in the vacuum, but only
in the charged particle system itself, with which the
potentialized vacuum interacts.
You cannot have the classic EM force field in the vacuum, a
priori. You can't and don't have a force field except when you
introduce a charge into a potential gradient. There's never been
an E-field or a B-field in the vacuum as such; never has been,
and never will be. The classical EM model is flat wrong on that.
Page 6
Even Feynman pointed out in his three volumes of physics that
only the potential for the forcefield exists in the vacuum, not
the forcefield itself. [27] You've got to understand this point.
The inclusion of vacuum forcefields is a major screw-up in
classical EM that prevents real understanding of the vacuum's
potentialization and local interaction with physical systems.
Take the definition of an E-field: E = F/q, where q is charged
mass. If you don't have any charged mass, you can't possibly
have any force per unit charged mass, from the definition a
priori. Try an analogy where E is the number of fish per bucket
of water, F is the number of fish in all the buckets of water,
and q is the number of buckets of water. If you have no buckets
of water at all, for example, you cannot possibly have any fish
per bucket of water, a priori. If you have a lot of fish around,
but no buckets of water, however, you have the potential for fish
per bucket of water, should you bring in some buckets of water
and couple the fish to them (put them in the buckets of water).
The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum
To understand what is in the vacuum, you need to appreciate the
quantum mechanical view of the vacuum. In that view, spontaneous
creation and annihilation of particles occur at an incredible
rate. Each particle is formed, then disappears, so quickly that
it cannot be individually observed. But it is real while it is
existing, because in quantum field theory the exchange of virtual
particles generates all the forces of nature. We call such a
fleeting or ghostly particle a virtual particle. Of particular
interest is that enormous numbers of virtual photons continually
appear and disappear in the vacuum. The vacuum is thus a fiery,
seething cauldron of incredible EM energy, but the EM energy is
essentially disintegrated. At any rate, electromagnetically the
quantum mechanical vacuum to first order consists of an
incredible flux of virtual photons. [28]
So to be more precise, in the quantum mechanical vacuum you do
not have observable charged mass, but you do have virtual charged
mass. So you can have a virtual E-field in the vacuum, which is
just a potential gradient without the presence of observable
charged mass particles. [29] Let's look a bit deeper:
Detected EM Waves Are Electron Precession Waves
Because of the spin of the electron/particle, that potential
gradient in the vacuum __ that interacts, e.g., with an electron
in a detector probe wire __ is actually oriented longitudinally,
at right angles to the present notion of a transverse wave.
Let's see why: The conduction electron in the wire is relatively
constrained [30] by all the other conduction electrons ahead of
it pushing back when it tries to accelerate. Being constrained
longitudinally but spinning, it acts then as a gyro, and
precesses laterally (from the direction of the disturbing
"force". If a vacuum potential gradient "virtual force" pushes
on that spinning electron gyro in a wire probe, the spinning
electron must move at right angles to the direction of the
virtual force, because its movement is mostly precession.
Page 7
Conduction electrons thus don't move down the wire at the
"disturbing force's" signal velocity; instead, they precess
sideways, and occasionally "slip" forward down the wire a bit
during their precession. They thus "drift" along down the wire
at centimeters per second or so __ not even approaching the
signal velocity (i.e., the velocity of the change in potential as
the change moves down the wire). The signal velocity down the
wire is only slightly less than the speed of light in vacuum,
which is about 300,000,000 meters per second. [31][32] The
lateral or transverse EM forcefield waves we measure in our
probes and instruments __ and erroneously model in our theory as
existing in the vacuum __ are actually electron translation waves
in the charged particle system (the detector). Since that
translation is precession, the measured EM transverse waves are
actually electron precession waves. They are not at all what is
in the vacuum. Instead, they are what is in the electron gas in
the wires and circuits of our detectors and instruments.
EM Waves in the Vacuum Are Longitudinal
Since the interacting/disturbing virtual E-field (the massless
potential gradient) "force" in the vacuum must be oriented at
right angles to the detected precession movement of the
electrons, then the EM waves in vacuum are actually "waves of
potential gradients" and are longitudinal. It appears that
Nikola Tesla was quite correct on this, you see, and all the
modern textbooks are quite wrong. [33]
So you cannot have an observable E-field in the vacuum, contrary
to what classical EM theory and your physics text prescribe,
because it would require the presence of observable charged
particles, none of which are there. It would in fact require the
presence of the mechanical ether, a notion that was destroyed
before the turn of the last century. You do have virtual charged
particles present in the vacuum, and the gradients in the
vacuum/virtual domain are longitudinal, not transverse.
Why Maxwell Assumed Transverse EM Waves
When Maxwell wrote his theory, he used a mechanical model of the
ether. [34] In that model, thin but observable mass "fluid" is
assumed to comprise and fill the vacuum. Accordingly, Maxwell
assumed observable forcefields and transverse EM waves to exist
also, since that is what is measured in the electron gas in our
probes and detectors. The electron had not been predicted yet,
and electricity was considered to be a thin material fluid, as
was the "luminiferous ether." Decades later, the notion of a
mechanical ether was destroyed experimentally, [35] but Maxwell's
mechanical-ether-based EM model __ as by then long-since
"interpreted" from quaternions into vectors, by Heaviside and
Gibbs __ was not changed accordingly. With respect to the form
of EM waves in vacuum, the Heaviside/Gibbs vector interpretation
model has been in error a long time __ just as was its Maxwellian
quaternionic predecessor __ and it's still in error, contrary to
what they taught you in your textbooks and classes.
There Is a Mechanism for the Flow of Time
Note in passing that the scattering interaction of the external
Page 8
EM with the electron shells of atoms primarily creates the basic
quantum changes that in turn create and control the nature of the
macroscopic flow of time. In other words, a quantum consists of
action, or "energy times time." It carries not only a piece of
energy, but also a piece of time. [36][37][38] Keep that firmly
in mind for the following:
A photon is freed EM energy. Its thing is to travel at the speed
of light. Mass is trapped EM energy. Its thing is to trap
photons and sit there and hold them as a densely packed mass
potential. (more on that later).
In the ubiquitous photon interaction with mass __ continual
photon absorption by matter and photon emission from it __ the
energy portion in the absorbed quantum (photon; free EM energy)
turns into mass (trapped EM energy). Simply divide the photon's
energy by c-squared to get the amount of extra resulting mass.
However, absorption of the energy portion of the photon leaves
its "time portion" or "time tail" attached to the "excited" mass
that absorbed the photon. Thus that (formerly) mass __ that
absorbed the energy portion of the photon __ is now "masstime"
and not mass.
Note that mass does not exist in time. Masstime does. Each
constituent particle of the atom thus is alternately existing as
mass, masstime, mass, masstime, etc. Or in other words, it's
flipping between atom, atom-time, atom, atom-time, etc. states.
Think deeply about that. Things don't "flow through time"
continuously in the manner universally assumed. To the macro
observer, of course, the flipping is so rapid that he cannot see
it. So he sees the macro world as solid and continuous. At the
micro level, physical reality is being created and annihilated,
quantum by quantum but at an incredible rate.
Shortly after absorbing the photon, photon emission from that
excited atom-time occurs, and a bit of the atom-time's mass (the
trapped EM energy) is reconverted back to a new energy part of a
photon (freed EM energy). In the photon freeing/formation
process, this freed "photon energy part" absorbs/joins the time
tail of the atom-time as part of itself. The emission of this
photon "tears off and carries away the time tail" from the
mass/atom-time, leaving behind mass/atom again, and not
(mass/atom)-time. So a mass is continually changing into
masstime, then mass, then masstime, then mass, etc. The mass
"moves through time" in little jumps, so to speak, at a very high
"jumping rate."
The result is that the "time dimension" connected to the mass of
the observer or instrument is not continuous, but discontinuous.
It's rather like a switch being repeatedly thrown back and forth,
between off and on states. A mass's "passage through time" is in
that vein. The "time dimension" is continually being created and
destroyed, for each particle of mass in the observer/instrument,
by photon interaction. By the creation portion, things exist in
time, producing causality and a future and a past. By the
destruction portion, the future and the past are disconnected and
"lost." That's why you can look in a corner, and see the three
length (spatial) dimensions, but try as you will, you cannot see
the time dimension at right angles to them. It doesn't exist as
Page 9
a continuous dimension; otherwise, you could see into the past
and into the future.
Play around with multiple masses and multiple time flows a bit,
and you'll discover that there are ways to "see into the future
and the past," but's that's way beyond the scope of this present
discussion! [Suffice it to say that I know one physicist (PhD)
who has extensively experimented with that, and another scientist
who has also experimented with it, but I am not at liberty to
discuss the results.].
External and Internal Electromagnetics
But to return. To understand scalar EM, as we said, you must
understand that there are actually two kinds of electromagnetics.
One is __ so to speak __ only on the external "surface magnitude'
of the vacuum potential, and the other is in the interior of the
vacuum potential. The exterior kind is spatial in nature; the
interior kind is hyperspatial in nature.
(1) The exterior kind of EM is caused or due to the
potential magnitudes and their gradients, interacting with
charged particles (forcefields); that's the "normal" kind.
In that kind the theoretical EM model's focus is on the
forcefields as causes, with the potentials themselves just
regarded as mathematical conveniences. Certainly that
"normal" EM does not contain any sort of organized EM
structure inside, and composing, the scalar EM potential.
It just models the scalar potential at a point as a
magnitude, and the vector potential at a point as a
magnitude and direction. Notice it thus models only local
action; it does not model any sort of action at a distance.
The EM action is considered __ and described in the
classical EM model __ as existing at a point in space and
time. Further, the local spacetime itself is considered not
to have any direct causative EM interaction there. In other
words, there are assumed to be no local vacuum engines __ no
Whittaker activation of mass or the local vacuum.
(2) There's also an internal EM, normally completely inside
the scalar potential, which exists as "infolded" harmonic
sets of EM antiparallel wave/antiwave pairs. Whittaker 1903
describes that kind of EM. This internal EM was in
Maxwell's original quaternion equations, hidden in the
scalar component resultant that remained when the
directional components of quaternions interacted to form
directional zero resultants. The scalar component resultant
of the interaction often still remained, and infolded inside
itself (i.e., it then consisted of) scalar and vector
functions of the yet-present-and-interacting component
vectors. [39]
Today that part of Maxwell's original theory just appears in
classical EM Heaviside/Gibbs theory as a vector zero
resultant, which is erroneously discarded as if it were a
complete absence of EM. It is no such thing; it is merely
the absence of EM translation of charged particles. It
indeed is a patterned EM-induced gravitational stress in
local spacetime, and it is a little "vacuum engine" capable
Page 10
of working directly on the atomic nucleus. If you want to
know what all the fuss about the difference between
Maxwell's 200-odd quaternion equations EM theory [40] and
the Heaviside/Gibbs four vector equations
curtailment/subset, just look at the difference between a
zero vector result and a quaternion resultant, in an
interaction where the vector resultant is zero but the
scalar component of the quaternion resultant remains.
Specifically, look mathematically at the internal functional
nature of that remaining scalar resultant __ the part that's
thrown away in the present theory.
(3) Note that the internal EM is more than just a model of
conditions at a point. In addition to that, it prescribes a
hyperspatial, bidirectional flow of EM transverse wave
energy at the point, into and out of it, into it from afar
and away from it back to afar, on an infinite number of
phase-locked frequencies. In other words, the internal EM
energetically connects conditions at a point with
essentially all the other points in the universe. And when
we interfere two such scalar potentials, we are actually
interfering both of those sets of an infinite number of
bidirectional EM waves. (See Whittaker's second paper,
1904). [41] It doesn't matter where the interference zone
occurs; it can be a million miles away, or a light-year
away. The interference accomplishes "outfolding," and
creates "normal" or "exterior" EM effects. Specifically, it
creates force fields and patterns of them __ both static and
dynamic __ on charged particle systems. The internal EM
thus prescribes and models action at a distance, and
incorporates the "normal" exterior EM as a special case of
local scalar interferometry. Whittaker rigorously proved
this mathematically.
Zero-Translation-Vector-Resultant Systems
You must also do some thinking about the scalar envelope nature
of a series of finite, nonzero, interacting translation vectors
which result in a zero-vector resultant for translation. They
still form an internally active system, and their action cannot
be ignored if one is to grasp the total physics of the situation.
Not all vector zeroes are equal __ it is a serious fallacy of
vector analysis to equate them, and also to equate all of them as
"total absences." [42] There's a great deal of difference in two
identical tanks, one of which is truly empty, and one which is
filled with a gas under enormous pressure. Neither is
translating, but which one would you prefer to cut into with a
cutting torch? As an example, the resultant system of two
equally forceful elephants pushing fiercely against each other
may not translate, so they will do no external translation work
on an external system. But they do struggle fiercely against
each other, and put a lot of stress in there, and each is
constantly working furiously. The system isn't doing external
translation work, but it's doing a whale of a lot of internal
work, of one elephant on the other. [That, after all, is what
internal stress is __ it's a condition of internal work being
continually performed on the parts of a system, without external
translation of the system.]
Page 11
Internal EM Energy As Continual Internal Work
Now two matched fleas pushing together would be the same sort of
"zero vector translation" system as the system of two matched
elephants. But if one thinks that all vector zero resultants are
really equal, and really are the total absence of work and force,
just try standing between the elephants and then between the
fleas, and compare your two experiences. I think you can
immediately see a great difference in the two systems! I also
think you can see that you really shouldn't neglect the internal
energy trapped in that zero-translation-vector system. Many
learned professors challenged with standing between two straining
elephants, to test their notion that the zero vector system is a
"total absence of force" type of zero and is to be simply
discarded, just don't seem to see the humor in the issue posed.
Instead, they are quite apt to become rather furious at the
suggestion of putting the issue to such a practical and
definitive test. Ah, me! They really will not submit their
pronouncements to scientific verification or validation by a
simple experiment! [I am particularly fond of challenging the
ones who call me all the dirty names, to test it with the two
elephants.]
But in a physical system, you might ask, how can the system, just
sitting there doing nothing externally, be continually performing
internal work, which requires continual scattering of energy
inside itself? Simple. All systems are open, driven systems __
driven by the VPF of vacuum. Such a system, in equilibrium in
its driving flux exchange flows, can easily be constantly
performing internal work. Again, it's like sticking a
paddlewheel in a river, without connecting any external load to
the shaft. The system will just sit there and continually do
internal work, but it will not be doing any external translation
work. Nontranslating systems are just "idling" systems, so to
speak, driven by the VPF exchange with the vacuum. The vacuum is
driving everything, everywhere, anyway.
What Electrical Charge Really Is
Nowhere in classical EM does it tell you what electrical charge
is or what causes it. For that question, you will have to dig
the answer out of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
Briefly, the electrical charge of a mass is really its violent
exchange of virtual photons with the vacuum. The charged mass of
the particle is continually absorbing virtual photons from the
surrounding vacuum, and re-emitting them back to the vacuum.
Actually, the magnitude of the electrical charge is simply a
measure of the volumetric intensity of this virtual photon flux
(VPF) exchange. Also, it is fixed only for a fixed vacuum VPF
intensity, in which it is embedded. It's really discrete, not
quantized. If you change the local vacuum VPF flux intensity (by
simply adding, e.g., a positive or negative electrostatic scalar
potential), you create a "locally excited vacuum," a "locally
curved spacetime," and an altered magnitude of the charge on a
fundamental charged particle located in that excited
(potentialized) vacuum. If you want to get a Nobel prize, then
perform some experiments along this line, to demonstrate that the
electrical charge of a particle is discretized as a function of
local vacuum VPF intensity, but it is not quantized, and write it
Page 12
up and publish it in a leading journal. Of course if you do your
experiments in an unexcited (i.e., normal ambient) vacuum, you'll
get the same answer everyone else has before you. Tesla,
however, certainly held a very different view, and considered the
electron as having a variable charge. [43] A lot of things in
your EE book were simply assumed, back there at the beginning.
What Unorthodox Researchers Mean By "Free Energy"
Regarding your present "free energy is impossible" education,
don't believe a lot of what you were told. If they didn't even
get the definition of energy correct __ and they didn't __ then
you might suspect they really are not too sure just what kind of
energy is free for the taking and what kind is not. Many of them
certainly don't seem to recognize that there's absolutely no such
thing as a closed system, anywhere in the universe. Everything
is open to a virtual particle flux exchange with the vacuum, and
every system is driven by that flux and its energy. Indeed,
every system is just a complex order in equilibrium in that VPF
of vacuum, with violent input and output continually. All we
mean by "free energy device" is a device that incorporates some
sort of "gating mechanism" to gate out a bit of that violent VPF
energy circulation in and out of the system. We just wish to
gate some of the vacuum energy that runs in to the nucleus __
catch it there before it runs back out to the vacuum, and "gate"
it out to the external circuit and the load before it is allowed
to scatter and run back permanently to the vacuum. It's no
different than wishing to put a paddlewheel in a river, with a
sluice-box arrangement to divert some of the river's water to the
load (the paddles) and get shaft power from the rushing water,
before the water is allowed to spill off the paddles and return
permanently back to the river.
Local Energy Conservation Can Be Legitimately Violated
"Conservation of energy" ruthlessly depends upon time symmetry;
if time stress is made asymmetrical (as in
potentialization/curvature of the local vacuum/spacetime and
deliberately altering its Whittaker structure), then local
conservation of energy is violated, and the local vacuum will
serve as a sink or a source, depending upon which way it's
potentialized. You can easily violate local conservation of
energy by curving local spacetime, if you understand Whittaker's
two papers. [44] He already shows you that, in the potential at
a point, you've got bidirectional EM wave flows of energy, in and
out, from all the rest of the vacuum in the universe. That
exchange of the vacuum is mostly with the nucleus of the atom,
for that's where most of the mass potential is. If you "gate" a
little bit of the inflowing EM Whittaker wave energy out to the
external circuits of a device, you will extract and use EM energy
directly from the vacuum source. As I showed in the Sweet vacuum
triode write-up, there's at least one major way of doing just
that sort of gating __ and the device proves it.
On Self-Powered Permanent Magnet Devices
And they told you a magnet won't turn itself, didn't they? Well,
that's not always true. They never heard of a kinetic
(activated) magnet, which by definition traps-in a special vacuum
Page 13
engine function to drive it. Floyd Sweet activates the magnets
in his vacuum triode by a special proprietary process, after
which it can gate energy out of the vacuum into the external load
circuit. Until the nuclei are activated to function as
controlled vacuum engines, the device is just an inert, solid
state pattern of materials, and quite useless as a generator.
Also, check the Einstein-de Haas effect for rigorous proof of
additional considerations in a magnet other than magnetic forces.
[45] In the standard Einstein-de Haas experiment using a coil,
substitute the linear field region between two permanent magnets
for the coil's field region, and you will see what I mean. The
Einstein-de Haas effect is only a little bitty white crow, but
it's quite sufficient to prove that not all crows are black. But
what if you could make the crow grow?
Further, Howard Johnson goes after a self-powered permanent motor
in a slightly different fashion. Imagine a "rotary wheel" motor,
where one permanent bar magnet is used on the rotor and one on
the stator. Suppose the stator magnet has its north pole facing
the rotor, and the rotor magnet has its south pole facing
outward. As the rotor magnet's south pole approaches the stator
magnet's north pole, it is magnetically attracted and accelerates
toward it, producing forceful torque and shaft horsepower.
During the approach phase, energy is stored in the flywheel as
mechanical energy. Now just as the magnetic south pole on the
rotor is passing the stator's north pole, suppose you have
cleverly produced or "activated" a little region of time-reversal
on the back side of the stator's "north" pole. In the time-
reversed region, the north pole of the stator functions precisely
as if it were a south pole, to an external observer (to the just-
departing rotor south pole, for example.). Consequently, the
rotor finds itself repelled on away from the stator, accelerating
yet again in the same rotational direction as before. This
stores additional energy in the flywheel. As can be seen, you
are now in an "over-unity" condition, and you can power an
external load continually.
In a real-world device, you may not get total time-reversal at
the backside of the stator magnet's north pole, but only partial
time reversal. So to the departing south pole of the rotor
magnet, the north pole backside of the stator magnet will appear
to be a much-weakened north pole. It will still extract back
some of the shaft energy previously stored in the flywheel during
the approach phase, but not all of it. Hence the device is still
in an "over-unity" condition, and energy __ though not as much as
before __ can be continually extracted from it to power an
external load.
In both cases, using time-reversal we have created a region of
local time asymmetry, so we can locally violate conservation of
energy. In this fashion, you can legitimately build a permanent
magnet motor that appears to be "self-powered." The entire
secret is how you achieve the time asymmetry in the exactly
needed place. But even with this over-unity condition, you are
not violating overall conservation of the universe as a whole.
Remember, all systems are driven. This self-powered permanent
magnet motor is actually extracting and gating energy from the
local now-asymmetrical flux exchange of the atoms/nuclei of the
magnet material with the vacuum. It's still a special sort of
Page 14
paddlewheel in a special sort of river. Time asymmetry, achieved
by using a time-reversing material and process, furnishes the
stream __ and standard techniques will furnish the "paddlewheel."
Remember the principle: Conservation of energy ruthlessly depends
upon time symmetry. If you're going to locally violate
conservation of energy, you must establish and utilize a local
time asymmetry. And that can be done; at our present elemental
level of knowledge of vacuum engineering, it's quite tricky, and
everything must be precisely so and highly nonlinear __ but it
can be done. And it's really no more mystical than putting a
sluice-box arrangement in a flowing stream, diverting some of the
water to a waterwheel, and extracting shaft horsepower.
We emphasize, however, that you cannot, cannot, cannot make a
self-powered permanent magnet motor with "ordinary" magnets and
an "ordinary" time-symmetrical vacuum, no matter how strong the
magnets, or what exotic form you twist them into. You can make
one with activated magnets and an extraordinary asymmetrical
vacuum, which have locked-in time asymmetry regions.
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