Newsgroups: alt.sci.physics.new-theories
Subject: The atomic quantum, a new theory
Date: Fri Sep 24 04:22:05 1993

From:   ERA6::OTG          11-AUG-1993 13:41:24.80
To:     ERA5::ERAOTG
CC:     
Subj:   

(Re-transmitted 24/9-1993)
  ___
( // = 3.141592..... )



FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND THE LAWS OF THE ATOM DERIVED
FROM NEW HYPOTHETICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

By: Ove Tedenstig
    Idungatan 37, 19551 M{rsta Sweden
    Date: 14/9-1993


ABSTRACT: BY PERFORMING A SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROGEN
          ATOM, BASED ON SOME NEW ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE
          QUANTUM MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MATTER, IT IS
          SHOWN THAT THE PROTON, BEING THE NUCLUES
          OF THE ATOMIC CORE, IS A PARTICLE WITH A
          DIMENSIONAL EXTENSION OF 30-35 FERMI ( HENCE 10
          TIMES LARGER THAN SUGGESTED BY CURRENT PHYSICAL
          THEORIES ), AND HAVING THE SAME DENSITY OF MASS
          AS THE ELECTRON.

          THE CONCLUSIONS OF THESE INSIGHTS WILL BE THAT
          THE IDEA OF QUARKS AS BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTONS
          AND NEUTRONS ARE ERRONEOUS.
          THE MODEL GIVES ALSO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE
          QUANTUM MACHANICAL PROCESSES IN MATTER AS WELL AS
          A FINAL SOLUTION TO THE BOHR'S QUANTUM CONDITION
          AND THE REASON OF EXISTENCE OF ATOMIC FUNDAMENTAHL
          CONSTANTS ,h, THE PLANCK'S CONSTANT AND ,a, THE
          ATOMIC FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT.

SOME HISTORICAL FACTS AND BACKGROUND
In fundamental physics, two of the most important elementary
constants are Planck's constant (h) and the atomic fine structure
constant (a, or a-1 inverse). These two constants have not been
explained entirely satisfactory, which has created a handicap in
the efforts to understand nature.

When Bohr for the first time formulated his atomic
theory, he used a hypothetical relation denoted m.v.D=h/(2.Pi).

But Bohr never succeeded to give any good motivation for it.
Later on, his theory was replaced with Schrdinger's
wave quantum theory, which in a more complete theoretical
way described phenomena on atomic level, but however, did
not clairify some very important things, still not given
any good solution. Since then, much has been deceloped and
improved in quantum theory, but still some very fundamental
questions remains unsolved and unanswered.

           ===============================
THE NEW THEORY:

The base for our investigation is a new model of the atomic
system, which contains parts of Bohr's original assumption,
but complemented by some new ideas, The base idea is visualized
in the figure 1 for the most simple case, their hydrogen atom.

                               D           /   (Radius Rp)
                  o ----------------------/ proton
                  electron               /  oscillates 
                                            in the electric                                    
                                            field

                 (Figure 1)

In the simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, the core being a
proton surrounded by a single electron in orbit. Both these
particles are electrical charged and attract each other
with the Coulomb force. The orbiting movement create an
inertial force which balance with the electrical force.

The proton is surrounded by an electric field and having
an electric dipol momentum which create a torsional force
on the proton when the proton twist in the electric field,
being proportional to the deviation angle.

The proton is regarded a swirl of very fundamental matter,
having a do-nut form (smooke ring form) where the matter
into the particle moves regurlarly (spin) as well as in
a stokastik way. The mass density of the proton is the
same as in the electron.

The vibrations of the proton create a corresponding
disturbance in the surrounding electric field, which in
turn will disturbe the movement of the orbiting electron.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS:
The Coulomb force between the proton and the electron is:

              2
1)   Fq = K1/D

where "D" is the momentanoues distans between the orbiting
electron and the proton nucleus.
K1 is calculated from Coulomb's law by :

            2    __
2)   K1 = e /(4.//.Eo)
 
The orbiting electron moves with velocity , v. We suppose this
velocity is small so that the kinetic energy of the electron
may be computed by Newton's ordinary formlua :

                     2
3)   Ekin = 1/2.me.v

The electron is situated in a force field and according to
classical laws that correspond to a potential energy. The
potential energy can be computed from

4)  Epot = -K1/D

In a system where the energy content is unchanged,
(hence with no radiation or no absorbing of energy), the sum
of kinetic and potential energy is constant; hence;

                                 2
5)  Etot = Ekin + Epot = 1/2.me.v - K1/D

It is well known that the frequency of the emitted radiation from
an atom (light) cannot be associated directly with the orbital
frequency of the orbiting electron, but differs from it. The
reason for that will be described here in terms of some new
hypotheses involving the properties of those elementary particles
contained in the system. Two of these hypotheses are as follows:

6)  Electrons, as well as protons, are here regarded as
    homogeneous particles having constant mass density and they can
    be idealized as points.

7) The electrostatic Coulomb force acts in a polarizing way on
   the proton, much in analogy with how a torsional momentum arises
   on a current wire loop situated in a  magnetic field.

Hypothesis 6) is contrary to the current belief which states that
the  extension of a particle (or a particle system) is in an
inverse proportion to its mass or  energy content. However, this
belief is, in the author's opinion, founded on a  
misinterpretation emanating from De Broglie's formula 
           __
m.v.w=h/(2.//) applied as an universal rule for all particles, or
particle systems.

The point 6) hypothesis can be formulated in mathematical terms
as :

                   1/3
8)   Rp = re.(Mp/me)

where Rp is the rest radius, or extension, of the proton.

In accordance with the point 7) hypothesis a torsional force is
created on the proton particle and the magnitude of this
torsional force or momentum will be in proportion to a divergence
from a neutral angular position. That we can qualify by the
formula :

9) Ft = (s/Rp).Fq

where s is a small distance movement of the periphery of the
proton surface; Rp is the proton radius; and Fq is the maximum
Coulomb force applied on the proton.

When the particle twist around its own mass center in the
electrostatic field, inertial forces are created in accordance
with Newton's second law of force, giving

              2    2
10)  Fm = Mp.d s/dt

The two forces, Ft and Fm, here defined are in balance at each
moment of time, creating an electro-mechanical oscillator,
described by the differential equation

     2    2
11) d s/dt.Mp -(s/Rp).Fq = 0

Substituting 1) in 11) we can reduce this formula to 

     2    2
12) d s/dt - s.K2 = 0  ;

                    2
12a) K2= K1/(Mp.Rp.D )

defined for simplicity

We solve this very simple harmonical differential equation and
get the period of the vibration, tp, of the proton particle
            __  ______      __
13)  tp = 2.//./ 1/K2   = 2.//.K3.D ;

          /--------
13a) K3= /Mp.Rp/K1

tp is here the oscillating time of the proton particle of the
atomic system, caused by existing electrostatic forces and mass
inertial forces that are involved in the system. Because the
proton, as well as the electron, is an electrical charged
particle, both particles are surrounded by electrical fields. But 
there is a great difference between these two particles : they
differ approximately in the ratio 1:2000 in mass, with the result
that the lighter particle, here the electron, will be much more
sensitive to disturbances in the surrounding electrical field. 

Hence  the electron will be disturbed in its movement by the
angular changing field, and as a disturbance will not disappear
instantly, a resonance effect will arise between the electron's
orbital time and the proton's oscillating time. We introduce, in
a similar way to Bohr, a quantum number, n , constituting an
integer ratio between these two time periods, giving 

14)  tp.n = torb
            __
15) torb= 2.//.D/v

Here, for simplicity, it is supposed that the electron orbit is a
circle or that D and v represent mean values for distance and
velocity. We combine 13), 14) and 15) and solve for the orbital
velocity of the equation as :

16)   v = 1/(n.K3)

Furthermore, we have a balance situation between the orbital
centrifugal force, an inertial force, and the electrical Coulomb
centrifugal force, giving :

          2        2
17)   me.v/D = K1/D

In combination with 16) we solve for the value , D , as

                   2    2
18)   D = (K1/me).n.(K3)

Now we can compute the total energy stored in the system, using

5),16) and 18)
                          2
19)   Etot = 1/2.me/(n.K3)

We make a study of this energy in two different cases, when n=n1
and when n=n2 respectively, corresponding with the total energy
in the system of E1 and E2.

When the orbital particle (the electron) jumps between these two
states of energy, the energy difference E1-E2 is emitted in the
form of radiation (light) or absorbed by radiation from the
environment. We find this energy difference to be

                              2        2      2
20)   dE= E1-E2 = 1/2.me.(1/K3).(.(1/n1 - 1/n2 ) =

                      2
          1/2.me.(1/K3).f(n)  ;

                  2      2
20a)    f(n)= (1/n1 - 1/n2 )

As was stated before, the frequency of the radiated energy is not
the same as the orbital frequency of the electron as computed
from 15). Instead, the  emitted or absorbed frequency constitutes
a difference between two succesive proton disturbance frequencies
at accations n1 and n2 respectively, and a mean value of it
(compare mixing frequencies in a radio receiver). The factor 1/2
is motivated by that the proton frequency is successively changed
from fp1 to fp2 during the jump :

Hence, by this hypothesis we can define

21)   fout = 1/2.(fp1-fp2)

and using 14), 15), 16) 18) and 21) we get :

           __          2   3
22) tp = 2.//.(K1/me).n. K3
                                            3 2
    fp = (1/2).(1/tp) = (1/2).(me/K1).(1/(K3.n ))

                        __      3
23)   fout = me.f(n)/(4.//.K1.K3 )

We divide the result from 20) by the result of 23) and obtain
Planck's constant, by definition equal to dE/fout
                      __
24)   h = dE/fout = 2.//.K1.K3

From 8), 13) we get 

                 2/3  ___________
25)   K3 = (Mp/me) . / (me.re/K1)
                   /

and multiplying both sides by K1:

                       2/3   __________
26)  K1.K3=     (Mp/me).    / me.re.K1
                           /

We combine 24), 26) and 2) giving

                            ___________________
           __       2/3   / 2         __ 
27)   h= 2.//.(Mp/me).  / (e.me.re/(4.//.Eo))
                       /

We define

                  2/3
28) (a-1) = (Mp/me)     which is an approximative value for
                        the fine structure constant, the inverse
                        value.

We compute the numerical value of h in 27) by inserting  known 
                                 -34
numerical constants, giving 7.3x10 Js, to be compared with 
      -34
6.62x10 Js as the  official sanctioned value for this constant. 

The reason for the small discrepancy is that the relation 
      1/3
(Rp/re) is some 5% too large. a-1 is axactly 137.02 .
In turn the reason for this is due to imprecisely
known parameters of mass distribution on the proton as well as of
distribution of charge over the proton surface not exactly is 
known. Bohr's quantum mechanical relation, written 
           __
m.v.D=h/(2.//), then  is computed in the following way: Inserting
the result of 6) and 18) in the product of m.v.D gives

===============================
                      ___
29)   me.v.D = n.h/(2.//)
===============================

which is the quantum mechanical condition Bohr used as a
fundamental condition for his quantum theory but without givning
it any physical or logical motivation.

From equation 8) we compute the proton radius to
                        -15
34.506545 fermi (1 fermi = 10 meters), the officially sanctioned
value for the proton radius (or extension) being 1 to 2 fermi
but these result is based on very unsure estimations. Testing the
proton radius in relation to experimental results from quantum
theory we find that the exact value is 32.9874714 fermi, hence
some 4-5 % lower than out estimated and calculated value.

It is well known that the "classical" electron radius can be
computed from the relation
                2
               e
30)   re = -------------
              __        2
            4.//.Eo.me.c

Using this result in 27), the expression for Planck's constant
can be simplified  to 

=================================
            __
31)   h = 2.//.me.re.c.(a-1)
=================================

We also compute more define expressions for outgoing
wavelength and  frequency. Combining 2) and 30) gives :

               2
             e        1              1
32)   re = ------. ------- = K1. ----------
             __         2               2
           4.//.Eo  me.c           me.c

                  2
33)   K1 = me.re.c

Combining 25) and 28) gives :

                    __________
34)   K3 = (a-1).  /(me.re/K1)
                  /

Using these results and inserting them in 23) we get 
                                                               
                     __        2                  _________
  fout = me.f(n)/(4.//.K1.(a-1).me.re/K1.(a-1). /(me.re/K1

===================================
                 f(n).c
35)   fout =  ----------------
                 __         3
               4.//.re.(a-1)
===================================

and the wavelength of the emitted wave :

==========================================
           c        1     __         3 
36)   w = ---- = ------.4.//.re.(a-1)
          fout    f(n)
==========================================

We compute the energy quantum emitted from 20), inserting the
constant K1 and K3  into it :

=============================================================
                            2                     K1
37)   dE = 1/2.me.f(n).(1/K3 ) = 1/2.me.f(n). ----------- =
                                                   2
                                              (a-1).me.re
                        2        2
           1/2.f(n).me.c.(1/(a-1) )
==============================================================

The electron mass converted to energy corresponds to 0.511
Mev. The official exact value of the atomic fine structure
constant inverse is 137.03, so that

============================
38)   dE = 13.6. f(n).eV
============================

The classical electron radius is computed from 32) and found
to 
            -15
be 2.8179x10 meters. Inserting this value into 36) gives 

=============================
                         7
39)   1/w = f(n).1.097x10 m-1     which is Rydberg's constant
=============================

For completeness we also compute more distinct values of the
orbital radius, D , and the orbital velocity of the electron,
v. Inserting the values of K1 and K3 from 33) and 34) in the
formulae  

18) and 16) respectively, we obtain :

====================================
         K1  2  2          2 2
40)  D= ---.n.K3 = re.(a-1).n
         me
====================================

and 

====================================
41)  v = 1/(n.K3) = c/(n.(a-1))
====================================

If n is put equal to 1, one obtains the limiting values of D
and
 
                 -31                 5
v equal to 5.29x10 meters and 2.19x10 m/s respectively. The
limiting value of Dorb is usually called the Bohr radius.

SHR\DINGER'S WAVE EQUATION
Shr|dinger's wave equation has been of central importance in
the development of atomic quantum theory. The equation is
represented by the function Y and it describes the probability
of finding an orbital electron at a specific point of the
atomic volume. Much has been speculated about what this
"mystical" equation really stands for and what it represents
or how it should be interpreted physically. It will be  shown
here that it is, in principle, the same as our equation 12)
above, but  transformed to conditions at the orbital level of
the atom. In its most simple form, Shrdinger's  equation can
be written as: 

       2           __ 2   
42)   d Y        4.//
     -------  - -------.Y = 0
        2           2
      ds          w

where      Y   is a wavefunction of probability of finding an  
               electron of an atom at a specified point in
               space, or decribing the distribution of energy
               within a specified space element;

           w   is the wavelength of the emitted radiation from
               the atom;

           ds  is a small distance element in space
               represented
               by a specified coordinate system (x,y,z,O).

We start with our equation 12) giving

          2    
43)      d s
        ----  - s.K2 = 0
           2
         dt
                    
                      2                            2
where K2 = K1/(Mp.Rp.D ) (from 12a) and K1= me.re.c  (from 33).
We then rewrite the equation, replacing s by the wavefunction Y

         2
44)     d Y
       ----- - K2.Y = 0
          2
        dt

Because the emitted radiation moves with the velocity of
light, c, we can define the  following relations :

                        2    2 2
45)    dt = ds/c  ;   dt = ds/c   

        2
46)    d Y     2
       ---- . c  - K2.Y = 0
          2
        ds

The variable K2 is transformed with the aid of 28) and 40) in
the following way

             K1
47a)  K2 = ---------
                2
         Mp.Rp.D
                       2
                me.re.c
47b)  K2 = ---------------------------------------
                                    2      4  4
            (Mp/me).me.(Rp/re).re.re .(a-1) .n

                    2
                   c
47c)  K2=  --------------------
               2        6  4
             re   .(a-1). n

                      __ 2
                   4.//
47d)   K2 = --------------------
              __         3  2  2
           (2.//.re.(a-1) .n/c)

Studying equation 36) we can easily see that the product
within the parenthesis is equal to , wp  ,  giving
                ___ 2  2
             4. //.  c
48)   K2 = --------------
                  2
                Wp

We insert this result in 46) to obtain
 
         2       __ 2
49)     d Y    4.//
        ---- - ------.Y = 0
          2        2
        ds       Wp
             
This equation represents oscillations of the proton, not
vibrations on the orbital level where wavelength are two times
greater. Hence, this euqtion tranformed to the orbital level
will be 

==================================
       2           __ 2
50)   d  Y      4. //
      ----- -  ------.Y = 0
         2         2
       ds         w
==================================

on the orbital level of the atom, which is Shr|dinger's wave
equation in its simplest form.

CONCLUSIONS
Most of all the results here achieved correspond well with
knowns results, accepted in current quantum physical theories,
but there are also differences which deserve attenion. In
some distinct points we here summarize the most important and
unique results that have been so far arrived at :

1) Quantum mechanical processes within an atom can be
   described in terms of well known physical laws from
   electrophysics and ny Newton's mass inertial laws. The model
   gives a deterministic description of these processes.

2) Planck's constant is an atomic system constant limited to
   atomic systems or atomic-like systems, and havning no common
   use.                                                           

The constant is composed of four other more fundamental
entities, the electron rest mass, me, the electron rest
radius, re, the velocity of light, c, and the proton rest
mass, Mp.

3) The atomic fine structure constant is a realtion between
   the proton rest mass, Mp, and the electron rest mass, me,
   raised to 2/3 approximately (the exact value corresponds to
   the exponent of 0.65467 instead of 2/3= 0.66667). This
   constant is contained in 

Planck's constant, which can be written h=2.//.me.re.c.(a-1)
                    2/3
where (a-1)= (Mp/me)
approximately.

4) The proton is regarded as a point-formed particle with an
   isotropic distribution of matter (hence containing no quarks
   as current theory suggests). Mass density in all point-formed
   elementary particles is regarded as a constant entity.

5) The proton radius or its extension is much larger, 30-35 fermi
   approximately, than that accepted by official data, 1 to 2
   fermi. Our conclusion must be that the official value is based on
   erroneous and misinterpreted measurements.

6) The frequency of emitted radiation, light for instance,
   from an atom is not the orbital frequency of the electron, but
   a mean value of the difference between two successive stable
   proton oscillating states. A good analogy is how two
   frequencies are mixed together in a radio receiver.

7) Elementary particles of extreme nature, since they have a
   point-formed structure, have polarized electrical fields as
   well as even magnetized polarized fields.

A listing of symboles used, source CERN PARTICLE PROPERTIES
DATA BOOKLET 1988) :
                                                     -12   -1
Eo     the permittivity of vacuum     8.854 187 817x10  F m

                                                     -1
c      the velocity of light          299 792 458 m s
                                                        -19
e      the elementary charge          1.602 177 33(49)x10 C
       unit
                                                       -31
me     the electron rest mass         9.109 389 7(54)x10  kg


Mp     the proton rest mass           1836.152 701(37) x me

                                                        -15
re     the "classical"                2.817 940 92(38)x10 m
       electron radius
                                                       -34
h      Planck's constant              6.626 075 5(40)x10 J s

(a-1)  the inverse value of           137.035 989 5(61) 

       the atomic fine                (dimensionless)

       structure constant
                                                          -10
Bohr radius                           0.529 177 249(24)x10   m
   
Rydberg energy                        13.605 698(40) eV

Pi                                    3.141 592 653 589 793 238

References :

1) Particle Properties Data Booklet, april 1988, CERN Scientific
   Information Service CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerlan

2) Physics Handbook, Chartwell-Bratt Ltd, Old Orchard, Bickley
   Road, Bromley, Kent BR1 2NE, England, ISBN 0-86238-000-6

3) A new way to physics 1990, by O.Tedenstig, ISBN 91 97077534

4) A new model of interaction between matter and vaccum, by
   O.Tedenstig, Galilean Electrodynamics xxx/yyy 1993.


   (Earlier pubshed in the BASRA Journal and Toth Maatian Review)

-- 
Ove Tedenstig, ERA, Borgarfjordsgatan 9, 16480 Kista/Sweden
EMAIL: ERAOTG@KIERA.ERICSSON.SE
-------------------------------