NEW CONCEPTS IN POWER GENERATION

by Jim Murray

A TRIBUTE TO GENIUS It is several years before the turn of the century
in the city of Budapest, Hungary.  A tall, gaunt man from Serbia
struggles to regain his health.  For months he has been in the grip of a
strange and violent malady that has threatened to take his life.  His
convalescence is slow, but his will to live is indomitable.  His name is
Nikola Tesla. As his strength returns, Tesla's thoughts turn with
eagerness towards the resumption of his professional duties at the
Budapest Telephone Exchange, and to the solution of a problem that has
vexed his mind since his second year of engineering school - the
harnessing of alternating currents. Always having found great
fortification of spirit in nature, the weakened Tesla retreats to the
city park to enjoy a short outing.  He is in the company of a former
classmate, Szigeti.  It is late afternoon in February.  The year is 1881.
The dazzling colors in the prismatic sky announce the coming of sunset. 
The brilliant spectacle infuses life into Tesla's troubled soul.  His
being is seized by the contrast between this display of the cosmic
wholeness and the integrated essence which he perceives a himself.  The
mysteries of the objective and the subjective realities seem to merge. 
Some great truth appears evident; nearly tangible.  He is deeply moved. 
His sense of the aesthetic escalates to the point of spontaneous
expression and he begins to recite a verse from Faust:

The glow retreats, done is the day of toil; It yonder hastens, new
fields of life exploring; Oh, that no wing can lift me from the soil;
Upon its track to follow, follow soaring......

Suddenly, Tesla is silent, staring at the orb of the setting sun. 
Szigeti is alarmed and tries to rouse him, but without success.  Then as
if from a dream, Tesla speaks.  His voice is charged with emotion. 
"Watch me!  Watch me reverse it!" In a moment of unparalleled lucidity,
the mind of a noble man has merged with the mental fabric of a Higher
Consciousness and has captured a grain of truth to share with mankind. 
During these few seconds of inspiration, Nikola Tesla has discovered the
principle of the rotating magnetic field, the foundation form which our
entire polyphase electrical technology has evolved.  Tesla is 25 years
old! I wrote those words in September of l983 as part of the
introduction to a lecture I delivered before the Second International
Symposium on Non-Conventional Energy Technology.  The paper was entitled
"An Introduction to the Concepts of Energy Resonance." The
introduction continues: These events marked the beginning of a career
unsurpassed to this day by any individual in the electrical field. In
the remaining 62 years of his life, Tesla was awarded 36 patents for
inventions pertaining to motors and generators, 9 major patents
involving transmission of electrical power, 6 patents concerning
lighting, 17 patents on the design of high frequency apparatus, 12
patents on radio, 7 patents on turbines and similar devices, and many
other patents too numerous to mention. What gift allowed Nikola Tesla to
stand as a giant among men?  How was his thinking different?  What
secrets permitted him to discover so many truths?  Why has no one
followed in his footsteps? I began my lecture on Energy Resonance with
an introduction centering on the life of Nikola Tesla because I felt
indebted to this exceptional man.  Likewise, it would not be possible
for me to discuss my research in power generation without again giving
credit to Nikola Tesla.  His life has had a great effect upon my own and,
in some ways my investigations have been guided by his hands. My first
encounter with Tesla's work occurred in l962, when I was a sophomore in
high school.  I read an article which debated the feasibility of Tesla's
plans to light the l903 International Exhibition in Paris with power
generated at Niagara Falls and transmitted to Europe by wireless means. 
The story had first appeared in Electrical World and Engineer, March 5,
l904, where mention was made of Tesla's intention to combine the art of
wireless communication with that of wireless transmission of power. In
the early sixties, my technical interests were completely directed
toward the design of linear particle accelerators.  Already I had
received a first place award in the New England Science Talent Search
and had my sights set on scholarships and grants.  I had no time for
ancient inventors!  However, I remember thinking, "How does one transmit
10,000 horsepower across half the globe without wires?"  The thought
lingered in the back of my mind for many years and dwells there still.
In 1965, my father died suddenly, and with him, unfortunately, so did my
plants to study physics at M.I.T.  The following fall, instead of
attending college I started work as an electrician in a small New Jersey
shipyard.  I was 18 years old. The years which I spent around New York
Harbor and the New Jersey waterfront were filled with incredible
experiences.  In those days there were still steam-powered tug boats in
operation.  Antique coal burning plants provided steam and electricity
to many factories.  Direct Current machinery over a century old saw
daily operation.  Old lighterage barges were still repaired by
carpenters who had not forgotten how to hew beams by hand.  Everywhere
there was an atmosphere that resisted change.  Constantly I encountered
"old timers" with stories to tell, and I was always eager to listen. One
morning I boarded an old steam tug just to look over her propulsion
system.  Below the decks I found a beautiful old two stage marine engine,
skirted with brass and hard wood and supported by a cast iron frame. 
The cross heads and journals were still shiny and lubricated as if the
engine had only recently been stopped.  The old machinery was beautiful.
There was something artistic in its design and I longed for the
standards of the past age which had produced it. Slowly I ingested the
complexity of the engine room.  The piping, the brass steam gauges, the
old slate control panel crowded with tarnished copper knife switches,
racks of corroded batteries, steam valves, oil coolers and miles of
ancient wiring all felt familiar.  Suddenly I realized that I had seen
no auxiliary engine, no generator.  Knowing that there must be a power
source, I traced the main cables from behind the switch board and to my
surprise they terminated at a small generator in the upper engine room
which was attached to a disk shaped device.  I rubbed the brass name
plate clean and was astonished to see "Moon Turbine Company." Always
having had a distinct interest in steam power, I looked up one of the
oldest captains in the yard to ask him how long turbines has been used
aboard steam vessels.  His response really startled me.  "Since the
early 1900's, about the time of the great turbine war!"  Captain Allen
went on to explain that early in the century, all the big power
companies were struggling to produce a superior turbine and there was a
great demand for such devices in the marketplace.  General Electric,
Westinghouse and Allis-Chalmers were all pouring resources into this
kind of research, so naturally, many smaller industrial units like the
Moon Turbine Co. followed suit. The next time I was in Manhattan, I made
a point to drop by the main branch of the New York Public Library were I
did research into the development of the turbine.  To my astonishment, I
discovered that one of the great contender sin the turbine contest was
none other than Nikola Tesla!  There was that name again, the man who
wanted to transmit power without wires. With renewed interest, I
redirected my investigation towards Nikola Tesla himself.  I was
surprised to find there were precious few books written about this man,
but there seemed to be an endless supply of newspaper and magazine
articles available on microfilm.  So naturally, in a short time, I
amassed a large file. Later on I acquired and read numerous times the
great classic "Prodigal Genius" by John O'Neill.  However, my best
source of information came from a book entitled "Lectures, Patents, and
Articles" which I imported from Yugoslavia. The more I studies Tesla's
work and his accomplishments, the more I was convinced that something
was wrong somewhere.  Why have so few of his experiments been
successfully duplicated in modern times?  Why are his greatest claims
regarded with such an air of skepticism by today's engineers?  How could
the same man who gave the world the polyphase electric motor, rotary
transformers, robotics, the basis of radio and foundations of x-ray
technology, suddenly be considered mad or senile when he spoke of
wireless transmission of power or extracting usable energy from the
environment? Gradually I learned to "read between the lines" as I
studies his lectures and patents.  Slowly I realized that in many cases
Tesla was speaking about very rare or very different scientific
phenomena with an attitude of complacency as if he felt that "surely
everyone understands this basic material." But everyone did not
understand.  They were still struggling to digest Tesla's earlier
concepts. Tesla did not trust most of his contemporaries.  He never
bothered to adjust his use of semantics to comply with accepted
definitions.  If he was misunderstood he was unconcerned.  As a result,
after many years this attitude eventually led to multiple
interpretations of the meaning and intent of Tesla's work.  His
statements were considered enigmatic and eventually meaningful
communication between himself and the scientific community ceased
altogether.  But Tesla continued expounding his discoveries as usual,
unaware that the wisdom in his words fell upon deaf ears. Animated by
the conviction that great knowledge had been lost, I set out to
establish where Tesla had made his departure from recognized physics. 
Guiding myself by intuition, and by the implications hidden in various
projects which he had proposed, I concluded the following: A)  There
must be more than one kind of resonance and more than two kinds of
induction supported by the laws of nature. B)  Tesla had discovered
something very fundamental about the relationship between energy and
power that still eludes the rest of the world. C)  Most of his later
inventions, including the Magnifying Transmitter, probably made use of
this "secret" knowledge, and therefore, still remains misunderstood by
the scientific community as well as the general public.

INITIAL RESEARCH Early in l971, I purchased some property in northern
Michigan and set out to establish a research facility geared to
rediscovering as much of Tesla's lost information as possible.  Armed
with only the energy of my youth and the irresistible force that comes
from single-mindedness of purpose, I succeeded in raising nearly
$100,000 to fund my venture.  I assembled a shop/laboratory combination
and quickly went to work. My plan was basically a simple one.  I was
looking for some anomaly in the laws of physics, and if my hunches were
correct, I would find it in some forgotten or unknown aspect of Tesla's
work.  As guidelines for my efforts, I selected three Tesla projects
which required uncommon knowledge to complete.  They were: 1)  A new
type of D.C. motor which would operated without a commutator. 2)  A new
kind of D.C. generator capable of producing extremely high D.C. voltage.
3)  A self acting engine that extracts power from the ambient medium. A
non-commutating D.C. motor would have commercial appeal and it sounded
simpler and less expensive to investigate than the high voltage D.C.
machine or the ambient engine, so I chose this as a place to start my
research. In order to find a path along which to proceed, I reviewed all
the data in my possession concerning D.C. motors, bearing my goal in
mind - the elimination of the commutator.  Eventually the obvious broke
into my conscious mind.  The need for the commutation arises because the
concept of polar attraction is used to generate the twisting force which
drives a D.C. motor.  This necessitates switching from one active pole
to the next in order to maintain the angular motion.  However, the only
reason why polar forces are used is because the winding of a coil
produces a powerful concentrated magnetic field which allows the
designer to make use of the ampere-turn concept thereby obtaining the
maximum amount of flux per ampere consumed.  Suppose it was possible to
utilize multiple ampere-turns to develop a field geometry which did not
produce a di-pole when energized, but rather a circular resultant field
which could imitate the concentration of magnetic energy surrounding a
single conductor.  In such a case, there would be no magnetic pole
produced hence no need for switching, yet powerful forces could still be
mustered to perform useful work. The idea was exciting and novel, and it
seemed like the sort of solution Tesla might have envisioned, so I
invested the next few months trying to find an embodiment that would
incorporate the idea in a practical fashion.  What was required was the
type of field generated within the confines of a torus or a roland ring.
However, it could not be surrounded by conductors, the conductors would
somehow have to be internal to the field.  The problem was acutely
vexing, and no matter how I approached it, I made no progress.
Eventually I realized that I was attempting to navigate in uncharted
waters!  There was no data available concerning the behavior of magnetic
fields within the interior of metallic structures.  I would have to
supply my own information.  So I designed a simple device to allow me to
visually inspect the movement of magnetic flux through various samples.
Basically, it consisted of an aluminum car on rails, which was situated
between two poles of a powerful electromagnet.  Samples were situated
within a frame supported by the car and so aligned as to allow the flux
to pass through them in a direction perpendicular to the motion of the
car. All samples were prepared by drilling holes in their surfaces into
which miniature compasses were placed.  In this manner, when the flux
was turned on, the tiny compass needles would align with it and produce
a literal map of the internal magnetic pattern.  It was with this
primitive device that I made an intriguing discovery which I initially
called the "window effect". Having found the flux motion through various
homogeneous samples to be completely uniform, I began to experiment
further by machining holes of different shapes in various pieces of
metal. Upon boring a large round hole in a place of mild steel, I noted
that a spring-like force appeared in a direction which opposed the
motion of the car.  Simultaneously, the compasses indicated that the
flux was producing a "bow wave" collecting just ahead of the hole in the
direction of the car's motion.  This action was most certainly due to
the area of high reluctance which the hole presented to the normal flux
path.  However, if the motion persisted, the compasses surrounding the
latter portion of the hole suddenly snapped back to a straight
alignment!  The further the car advanced, the more compass needles
reacted in this manner indicating the presence of a magnetic "wake"
created by the passage of the hole through lines of flux! The snapping
action of the force lines was intriguing to me so I studied the
phenomena until its nature became clear.  The advancing hole, an area of
high resistance to magnetic flow, pushed the lines of flux ahead of it
so that they collected in a bunch and behaved like stretched rubber
bands.  If the hole was advanced beyond a limiting point, then those
lines of flux which were most stretched would snap back to the rear of
the hole and assume an unstretched position. The most interesting aspect
of this phenomenon resided in the fact that the lines of flux which were
"snapping" across the boundary of the hole would, of necessity, travel
with a velocity greater than that of the car.  Hence, it occurred to me
that the proper placement of windings with respect to the hole might
cause the induction of voltages with magnitudes proportional to the
velocity of the flux rather than the velocity of the car! Such a scheme
would represent an amplification of sorts, and I could not resist the
challenge to devise a practical method of implementing this unusual
magnetic property.  I yielded to temptation and suspended the motor
project. Many experiments were tried without success until I recalled an
earlier observation.  While experimenting with the effects of holes upon
the flux, I had learned a curious fact.  If a rectangular hole was
machined in a piece of steel and fitted upon the test car, the flux did
not produce the familiar "bow wave" effect.  Instead, it would bunch
together and slowly cross the rectangular hole by producing an
"hypotenuse" which slowly increased in length until some maximum value
was achieved.  Then the flux would again snap to the rear.  This
suggested that the flux was "aware" that the hypotenuse was a shorter
route across the reluctance than the path around the perimeter!  This
was the seed of a novel idea.  Why not reverse the roles of permeable
material and the area of high reluctance, thereby confining the flux to
the hypotenuse path.  This would allow the unmanageable elastic "action"
of the flux to be replaced by a definite structure which could be
manipulated in three dimensions relative to the pole pieces! No doubt
this idea had its roots in an earlier study I had done where the time
axis of various periodic functions was replaced with an actual
dimensional axis resulting in the generation of unusual geometric solids.
Applying these techniques to the control of magnetic flux resulted in a
complex structure, part iron, part aluminum, which took many weeks to
machine. Ultimately, the finished rotor was pressed on a shaft,
supported by bearings and situated between special field poles.  Power
windings were formed and pressed into place.  The finished device was
mounted on a base and belted to a D.C. motor for testing.  I had devised
a completely novel form of A.C. generator! A fully instrumented panel
and the necessary transducers were then prepared; a surplus magnetron
magnet was bolted into place to provide an excitation field and the
drive motor was brought up to speed. The A.C. volt meter climbed to
approximately 100 volts RMS and held steady.  I closed the circuit
breaker and the circuit indicated 2 amps RMS!  My load was resistive,
and while there was a typical drop in the terminal voltage with
application of load, there was no increase in current drawn by the D.C.
motor, a curious result.  I removed the leads from the power resistor
and shorted them together.  The output current rose to 6 amps, and the
current drawn by the D.C. motor decreased nearly a full amp!  An
impossible result, and something I did not understand. I spent many long
months experimenting with and studying the machine I had created.  It
was perplexing.  I learned a great deal about it, but I could not
imagine what arrangement of physical law could account for such behavior.
Since I had first applied a load to the machine, I noticed a "purring"
sound which only persisted as long as there was a current draw.  It was
a distinctly mechanical sound and all efforts to locate its source
initially failed.  However, I instinctively felt the source of this
noise was a key to the secret of the device's performance. Ultimately, I
mounted strain transducers on the bearing assemblies and repeated the
tests.  Low and behold, the shaft was undergoing compressive loading in
phase relation to the electric current!  The answer was suddenly clear,
I had ortho-rotated the Lenz reaction!  Instead of the load current
producing a negative torque upon the shaft, it was producing a thrust
load upon the bearings. Incredible! I continued my investigation into
the nature of this unusual machine long enough to discover a major
problem.  Unlike an ordinary generation device, in which the power
windings are distributed circumferentially about the stator or the
armature in order to achieve the best power output per pound of material,
the generator I was laboring to develop could only have two power
windings located in special positions with respect to the overall
magnetic circuit.  The reason for this limitation has to do with
properties which I choose not to discuss here because of their
proprietary nature.  However, the immediate and obvious ramifications
were a reduction in available output voltage and power. If the output
coils were wound with a large number of turns, the resulting inductive
reactance would imit the available current, keeping the power yield
relatively low.  If coils were wound for high current, the voltage was
inherently low and again the power capabilities were restricted. The
possibility of resonating windings of many turns in order to obtain the
highest voltage/current combination had occurred to me.  However, my
feeling at the time was that there had to be a simpler answer to the
problem. I sat hour after hour, studying the magnetic circuits and
electric circuits and reviewing the theory of operation I had developed
in hope of being blessed with an inspiration.  What other way could
there be of eliminating inductive reactance?  There must be a method
more suited to my application than the addition of capacitance to the
circuits.  Was there a magnetic solution? Somewhere in the reaches of my
subconscious mind, a realization began to stir.  I felt the solution was
near at hand.  It had that "I should know the answer to this problem"
feeling, and I was determined to wrestle it into awareness.  All at once,
I saw the answer with clarity.  It presented itself in the form of a
vivid picture, partially literal, partially symbolic, in a manner
particular to the collaboration of left and right brain activity.
Quickly, I sketched the mental image, lest I forget any detail after the
passing of that instant of "super perception".  Then I leaned back and
surveyed the information before me.  There are no words to describe the
elation I felt when the magnitude of the solution struck me.  I was
overwhelmed. There on the scrap of paper before me was the design for a
hybrid machine that incorporated the best features of my earlier
generator with certain characteristics of an ordinary transformer!  The
design made use of the properties of transformer coupling to eliminate
the effects of inductive reactance. The idea was complicated but elegant.
I wondered if I could factor out the transformer-related concepts, and
incorporate them into a simpler embodiment which would allow me to test
their validity without having to design and construct the entire
mechanism.  The accomplishment of this task became my next challenge and
propelled me into circumstances which I could have never foreseen.

TRANSFORMING GENERATOR The closing months of 1977 found a new prototype
in my small laboratory.  I called it the transforming generator.  It was
the result of many hours of meditation and experimentation and embodied
those transformer "concepts" which had been presented to me as the
solution to the impedance problem in my earlier A.C. machine.  The new
generator was constructed in such a manner that each coil saw its mirror
image in the other.  The result was that a coupling existed between
windings which varied as a function of the load current.  This resulted
in a dynamic source impedance which gave the generator totally "alien"
properties. First, the machine was self-regulating.  A change in the
amount of current drawn by the load automatically increased or decreased
the terminal voltage.  This was not accomplished by varying the strength
of the D.C. field, but rather by a change in source impedance provided
by the magnetic coupling.  No servo type of voltage regulator could
compete with the speed and accuracy of this magnetic means.  The load
current signaled the generator directly regarding the voltage
requirements of the external circuit.  There was no time lag in response,
and no over-correction to contend with.  In fact, the regulation ability
of this machine was so fast that an instantaneous 100% increase in load
current prompted an immediate voltage increase from the generator, a
virtual step function of potential with an infinite slope and no
measurable rise time, a feat not possible with electronics! Second, the
transforming generator had surprising abilities with respect to its
power transfer characteristics.  If it was connected to a time-varying
load, such as a mercury vapor lamp, it could track the impedance changes
with such speed that no ballast was necessary!  In addition, the machine
delivered constant power to the load; the voltage and the current were
both square waves! How does a rotary machine produce square waves of
power and what are the physical principles which make such a technology
possible? The answers to these questions were not completely understood
by me in 1977; several more years would pass before such matters would
make total sense to me.  There was, however, one additional mystery
which I uncovered in those years the significance of which would also
have to wait. Once I had completed construction of my largest
transforming generator, a 750 watt unit, it was of great importance to
investigate the performance characteristics and the overall efficiency
of that machine.  To accomplish this, I coupled the generator to a 1 H.P.
D.C. motor and I measured the D.C. power consumption with calibrated
electrodynamic instruments.  The test loads were resistive, and the
elements used were non-inductive to assure greater accuracy of
measurement. When everything was in readiness, many curves were taken,
and a segregated load analysis was performed.  The results were most
confusing.  Taking into account all the known losses, friction, windage,
iron and stray copper as well as the power dissipated in the resistors,
I discovered that as the load was increased, the conversion efficiency
decreased.  This meant that with all the known losses accounted for the
power drawn from the D.C. motor was larger, than the power dissipated in
the load.  The conversion was less than unity; power was disappearing! 
There was no mistake in measurement or calculation, the results were
checked by qualified people all of whom drew the same conclusion: the
generator was exhibiting a new form of inefficiency.  It was measurable,
but non-dissipating, and its nature was a mystery.

CONFLICT WITH WASHINGTON Despite the fact that everything was not yet
understood about the transforming generator, its obvious industrial
potential made it a prime candidate for commercialization.  The notion
was aired at a stockholders' meeting and it was decided to apply for
patents. As a first step, a patent search was performed by our attorney
which had the surprising result of discovering no prior art.  Much
encouraged by these preliminary findings, I set about the arduous task
of writing the patent. Our goal was to achieve as broad a coverage as
possible on this technology, so the formal disclosure became a lengthy
and detailed document containing theory of operation, multiple
embodiments, calculations, performance characteristics, graphs, etc.  It
took weeks to prepare the rough draft, and longer to edit it into
acceptable legal format.  Ultimately, the task was completed and the
application submitted to the patent office. After the first six months
of waiting, a first action was received; it was a rejection accompanied
by a collection of older patents which supposedly were relevant.  I
examined each in detail and found nothing which had a bearing on my
machine.  Accordingly, an amendment was prepared and resubmitted to
Washington.  Six months later a second rejection was received.
Disappointed and more than mildly angered, I took new steps.  A second
amendment was prepared, an election of species was made, out claims were
narrowed, and detailed explanations were written explaining why the
cited prior art did not apply to the transforming generator.  This new
application was submitted to Washington, but it too was eventually
rejected. None of the examiner's arguments seemed relevant but no matter
how the concepts were reworded or explained, the reaction was always the
same: "Rejection".  This battle went on for three years, at a great cost
to my little corporation, and at greater cost to my health. In order to
maintain my sanity during these times, I provided an outlet for my
frustrations by returning to my original research on the Direct Current
Motor. By this time, I had acquired some unusual insights into the
problem, as well as uncommon expertise in the management of magnetic
forces.  I concluded that the earlier discovery of the "window effect"
was more applicable to the generation process than the motoring process.
However, the basic notion of producing a non-polarizing magnetic field
structure was definitely correct.  I had proven this in many independent
experiments.  What was actually needed was something which behaved like
only "half" a winding, but was such a thing possible? I tried various
shielding arrangements.  I tried engineering exotic windings which
produced asymmetrically distributed magnetic fields.  I attempted
fantastic schemes in which there was an enormous difference in the
relative torque production between each side of the same winding,
hopefully resulting in a uni-directional net torque.  Nothing worked.
Sometime during the closing months of l981, a final rejection notice was
received from Washington.  According to the patent attorneys, I still
had the option of a final appeal directly to the patent commissioner
through the patent claims court.  That was somewhat uplifting, but,
between domestic and international patent applications, the numerous
amendments, various fees, penalties and taxes, over $60,000 dollars had
been spent on legal costs, and there was nothing left to fight with.  My
stockholder were disenchanted and angry because there were not yet
millionaires!  I argued late into the night trying to convince them that
we should not quit, but it was too late, the human fabric had frayed
beyond repair.  I retired, angry and exhausted. Eventually, morning came,
as it always does, and I became aware of a peculiar state of
consciousness.  I knew I was no longer sleeping, yet I was not exactly
awake, either.  In the depths of my mind an image was moving.  I focused
attention on it.  It was an Indian man seated on a blanket.  He was
stacking golden disks upon a peg. The disks were of  diminishing sizes,
and they formed a tapering stack.  I recognized the image.  I had seen
it in a book associated with a mathematical problem in which a number of
disks are moved from one peg to another in a certain sequence.  The
solution is said to require more moves than can be accomplished in a
lifetime.  But what did this have to do with anything? I stared at the
stack of disks in my mind.  They were gold in color, and that seemed
important somehow.  My mind moved like cold molasses.  I could not see
any connection or relevance between this image and my life.  I rolled
over desiring more sleep.  "Maybe they're brass not gold" I thought. 
Suddenly, I sat up fuller alert, there was the answer!  The tapered
stacks were brass, not gold! In no time I was down in my shop running
the engine lathe.  I watched the little shower of brass chips fly from
the bar I was turning, and something rang in my mind.  It was a comment
that Tesla had made in 1933 regarding his new D.C. generator "a peculiar
assembly of steel, brass and aluminum." The little model took nearly all
day to construct, but finally it sat on the bench before me, a peculiar
assembly indeed.  Nervously, I connected leads from a D.C. power supply.
I flipped the switch and slowly increased the current, but nothing
happened.  I increased the current further and suddenly the little
device leaped into action, spinning at a great rate of speed! I was
hypnotized, and elated as I watched the strange little motor spinning
without commutating!  I wondered if this was the same principle that
Tesla had discovered. Without warning, I was roused from my mussings by
the smell of smoke.  I quickly glanced at the ammeter, it was
registering in excess of 20 amps.  "It needs additional armature
sections" I thought as I shut down the supply. The little motor squeaked
to a halt.  The windings were already black, and the plastic portions of
the rotor were warped.  I began to disassemble the device.  "It won't
take long to repair" I figured "and with this breakthrough surely the
stockholders will regain their interest." I worked late into the night,
making new armature sections and winding the special coils.  The last
thing I did before I retired for the night was to lay out all the parts
on the bench.  "I'll assemble that little beauty first thing tomorrow,"
I muttered as I locked up the building.  I drove home with renewed
confidence and excitement. The next morning I had an early breakfast at
the local restaurant and wheeled to the shop.  It only took a few
seconds to grasp the meaning of the sheriff's notice and the padlock on
the shop door.  With a sinking heart, I stared through the window at all
my equipment and the small collection of odd parts on the edge of the
bench.  I knew it was time to quit.

ENERGY RESONANCE I left Michigan not a moment too soon.  My funds were
gone, my hair was falling out, I had developed a bleeding ulcer, I was
overweight and I couldn't sleep.  I needed a complete overhaul. The
company I was working for was good enough to transfer me to a small
mining community in Eastern Pennsylvania.  Once I had gotten established,
I promptly joined the Y.M.C.A. where I began working out on a regular
basis, and I found myself a lovely girlfriend.  The last thing I wanted
to do was to think about electricity! This attitude was short lived,
however, for there were numerous electrical problems in the mind which I
could not avoid and little by little I began thinking about my research
again.  The situation was completely different now though, because I had
no shop and no equipment with which to experiment.  Circumstances forced
me to make my investigations mathematically. It seemed as if there were
a million questions to answer and each would require rigorous
mathematical analysis.  With no models for generating data, my options
were indeed limited.  What I needed was to discover some underlying
principle which could tie together all the loose ends and give direction
to my research.  But where do you look something which no one else has
found? Asking the questions seemed to prompt an answer "how about right
under your nose?'  True, the least obvious spot to hide something is
right out in the open.  Perhaps what I was looking for was so
fundamental and so universal that on one suspected its existence.  I
began to ponder anew the most elementary of physical concepts:  Force,
Work, Velocity, Momentum, Newton's Laws and, or course, the Conservation
of Energy. I was not interested in simply reviewing problems in physics,
but rather in achieving a fresh point of view on principles which I had
long ago taken for granted, and which I used almost daily through habit
rather than by reason.  To accomplish this end I began to apply
differential and integral calculus to very basic equations in order
better comprehend their origins and dimensionalities. I rambled through
hundred of calculations, and while I did greatly clarify many things in
my own mind, I made no earth-shattering discoveries.  However,
eventually I came upon the basic relationship which links work to force
and distance:

W = FS

This I differentiated with respect to time in order to develop an
expression for power:

dW/dt = d(FS)/dt.  Therefore, dW/dt = F d(S)/dt, and ......

Here I suddenly paused when I realized that I was solving this
derivative through habit and convenience.  I had removed F from the
parenthesis without thinking.  How did I know that the force was
constant?  In many cases the force is actually a variable.  So I started
over:

W = FS

dW/dt = d(FS)/dt Therefore dW/dt = F dS/dt + S dF/dt and P = Fv + S
dF/dt.

This equation states that if F is allowed to vary in time, then the
power must consist of two components, Fv, the force times the velocity,
and S dF/dt, the distance time the rate of change of the force with
respect to time.  In other words, not only must the agency supplying the
power pay for moving the force through a minute distance, dS in some
minute time dt, but it must also pick up the tab for the changing force
dF/dt over the total distance S.  I stared at the new relationship P =
Fv + S dF/dt fully aware that something was going to happen.  I kept
thinking about the transforming generator, about the increased torque
necessary to turn it and about the low conversion efficiency.  But
another part of my mind was trying to tell me something else.  Something
about non-linear rates of change, something about logarithmic functions,
something about equation in the fourth quadrant, something about the
derivative of decreasing functions!  Yes, the derivative of a decreasing
function is a negative quantity! This means that if F were decreasing in
time, then dF/dt would be negative, in which case:

P + Fv + (-S dF/dt) or P = Fv -S df/dt

So if F decreases fast enough, then theoretically, dF/dt could become a
large enough negative quantity to effect the magnitude of the positive
power component such that if

P1 = Fv and P2 = Fv - S dF/dt, then P1 > P2,

in which case, if P2 represents power entering a system and P1
represents power leaving the system, then the system would demonstrate a
net power gain.  But how could such a thing happen if energy must be
conserved? It required three more years of mathematical study before I
managed to isolate and demonstrate a simple mechanical system in which
such an effect is apparent.  And I am both proud and relieved to say
that conservation of energy is not only upheld, but utilized extensively
in my proofs.  What does develop in a totally new light, however, is
conservation of work.  It has always been assumed that the work done
must equal the change in the available energy under all circumstances. 
However, this proves to be true only in traditional linear system!  In
non-linear systems, two additional conditions can be demonstrated: I. 
The work done is greater than the change in available Energy. II. The
work done is less than the change in available Energy. Now, if we
consider a non-linear electrical system which is specifically engineered
such that its parameters vary in time so as to cause an alteration of
the system between condition I and condition II, then the energy will
truly oscillate!  And if the components are properly designed so as to
cause the movement of energy to become optimized rather than the current,
then the system will demonstrate Energy Resonance! With this deeper
insight came the understanding that both earlier generating devices were
exhibiting only half the total picture.  I realized that a standard
alternator is really a D.C. machine from the standpoint of power
delivery.  For although the voltage and current both oscillate, the
power merely pulsates in amplitude.  Hence, there is a great fallacy in
comparing present day generating equipment to the electric oscillator,
particularly if the machine is driven by a thermal engine of any kind. 
This stands to reason when you consider the fact that heat engines are
thermodynamically irreversible, and therefore, any power returned to the
engine would be incapable of even a minute re-conversion into fuel. 
This means that thermal systems cannot support a bi-directional movement
of energy, nor can they give rise to Energy Resonance phenomena of their
own accord. After many years of effort and contemplation, I began to see
the light.  I was absolutely certain that Tesla had ventured down a
similar path, although his journey had been much more expedient than my
own to be sure.  Perhaps these humble foundations might again lead to
the lost principles of the great Magnifying Transmitter, or other
undisclosed secrets sleeping with the master. In September of 1983, I
delivered a paper before the Second International Symposium on
Unconventional Energy Technology in Atlanta, Georgia.  The work was
entitled "An Introduction to the Concepts of Energy Resonance".  With
the time slot allotted to me, my delivery did not do justice to the
subject matter.  However, I did attempt in earnest to acquaint my
audience with the basic principles of the non-linear work/energy
relationships I had discovered and their importance as a potential non-
nuclear power alternative.  I doubt many people got the point.  Perhaps
my talk was too mathematical as the only comment I ever heard concerning
it was, "What the hell did you say?" Maybe my lecture in Atlanta was
premature but I still left Georgia with a renewed sense of optimism.  I
felt for the first time that my goal was a visible glimmer on the
horizon.

THE DYNA-FLUX ALTERNATOR The fall of 1984 found me again in my native
state of New Jersey.  Thirteen years had passed since my departure, and
while it was good to be home, in many ways it felt quite strange; a
great deal had changed. Slowly I re-established communications with old
friends and relations.  Human nature being what it is, most people had
no idea where I had been of what I had been doing.  However, a few of my
good friends were genuinely curious. Little by little I disclosed the
nature of my research to those who were interested.  One individual in
particular was greatly excited.  I will identify him as Mr. K.  This
gentleman became my first partner in a new endeavor: a practical
demonstration of Energy Resonance. There were quite a number of
engineering problems to overcome before a design could be considered. 
Most of them centered around the non-linear nature of the technology
itself and the large number of variables which had to be dealt with in
designing a specific machine.  To make matters worse, scaling factors
were also non-linear, so it was virtually impossible to lea-frog from
one successful design to another.  All these complication suggested that
it would be premature and financially dangerous to set up another shop. 
However, it was crystal clear to both of us that an investment in
computer equipment would be economically sound and practical.  Hundreds
of mathematical models could easily be designed and tested for the cost
of one mechanical model. The next year or so saw a great deal of
progress from the mathematical standpoint.  Of course I cheated a bit. 
Some of the non-linear equations I solved by mentally anticipating the
results, and some of the wave forms for the flux I approximated with
complex harmonics or least square fits.  Often it took dozens of
printouts to tell me which way to "steer" the numbers. One spring
afternoon Mr. K. dropped by unexpectedly and found me in my office
buried in printouts.  "Well, where do you stand, professor?"  I stared
at my visitor over the rims of my glasses in silence.  The last thing I
wanted to feel like was a damn professor.  I decided to ignore the
remark.  "I think we're ready to build one!" i exclaimed.  "What the
hell are we building?" Mr. K. wanted to know.  "An Energy Resonant
Generator; a Dyna-Flux Machine!" I replied. With that remark the die was
cast.  By mid summer, the design was solidified, and a new order of
business was at hand: fund raising.  I approached another friend of mine,
Mr. H. and divulged to him the nature of my research.  He was impressed
and agreed to finance the first prototype as well as the patent expenses
for a piece of the action.  The ball was rolling! I took great pains to
ensure each phase of the project was properly completed.  The Dyna-Flux
rotor was contour ground and dynamically balanced.  The power coils were
hand wound on special forms and then pressed into position.  The field
poles were carefully machined and mounted on special aluminium pedestals.
The field windings were prepared by a professional motor shop, then
compressed upon a steel suspension yoke.  Piece by piece the idea was
condensing into reality. To facilitate testing, the generator D.C. field
supply was manually adjustable at the main instrument panel, and the
voltage and excitation current were accurately displayed on state of the
art digital meters. The Dyna-Flux machine was to be rotated by a 3/4
horse power D.C. motor.  The motor, in turn, could be speed regulated by
tachometer feedback via a solid state drive controller.  Both the motor
input voltage and the current were also monitored on the main panel. The
A.C. output power was to be directed into a power resistor decade box so
that the optimal load point of the machine could be determined.  The RMS
voltage and RMS current delivered by the Dyna-Flux device would both be
available on the console and back up measurement was to be supplied by a
calibrated electrodynamic VAW meter. Space angles would be detected and
measured on a dual trace oscilloscope, where the input from a magnetic
proximity switch could be simultaneously compared with the generator
output current. All the control features as well as the elaborate
instrumentation were absolutely necessary.  Thousands of data points
would have to be taken, averaged and plotted with great precision if the
operational characteristics of Dyna-Flux were to be accurately portrayed.
My intention was to follow as closely as possible the IEEE standards for
the testing of magnetic machines.  THis would require open circuit
voltage curves, field current saturation curves, short circuit current
curves, iron loss curves, stray copper loss curves, friction and windage
curves and a segregated load analysis.  With this voluminous data, the
overall system and conversion efficiency could be measured at any load
level.  This allowed the optimal load condition of the machine to be
discovered. It must be borne in mind also that for all this data to be
meaningful, especially in the case of such an unorthodox device, it
would have to be compared against similar data taken from a standard
alternator.  The test stand which I devised provided for this comparison
by using electro-mechanical clutches to direct the mechanical power from
the D.C. motor to either the Dyna-Flux Alternator, or the standard
alternator.  The calculating, designing, fabricating, calibrating and
testing seemed an endless task, but at long last the entire system was
completed and ready for operation. Maybe it was the seven years I spent
working alone in Michigan, or maybe it was just fear of failure, but I
insisted on doing the trial runs in absolute seclusion. It took many
hours of work to gather the data and to plot the performance
characteristics of the standard alternator and the Dyna-Flux machine. 
Compound plots of six curves were prepared for each device, then scaled
and plotted by computer. In both cases, the following parameters were
graphed for comparison: 1.  Load resistance in ohms 2.  Total input
power (watt AVG) 3.  Actual input power (total input minus losses) 4. 
Load current (AMPS RMS) 5.  Output power (watts AVG) 6.  Efficiency
(conversion efficiency) The results were completely astounding! The
efficiency of the standard machine peaked out at the value of its
optimal load resistance and dropped off sharply thereafter.  The output
power, the actual input power and the load current curves were nearly
"parallel."  These results were well within expected limits. The
efficiency of the Dyna-Flux machine remained nearly constant for all
values of resistance until the optimal load was approached.  Then the
efficiency began to climb exponentially!  The actual input power curve
remained parallel to the output power curve and increased with it.  At
the optimal load point however, the actual input power dropped nearly
vertically, dragging the total input power down with it.  Simultaneously,
the output power continued to climb, finally leveling off after the
optimal load was reached.  The output current rose exponentially over
the entire load range, passing through the optimal point before leveling
off to a constant value.  What incredible results, despite the enormous
increase in output current, the total input power dropped away to 75% of
its previous value.  The machine was compensating for its own losses and
delivering anomalous efficiencies at the same time!  Dyna-Flux was in
Energy Resonance! The time had come to compute the relative efficiencies
of both devices at their optimal load levels.  Here is a tabulation of
the results:

Alternator                    Standard                  Dyna-Flux

Full load input power     357.35 watts       404.75 watts No load input
power       319.80 watts       381.94 watts Actual input power     
37.55 watts        22.81 watts Full load output power     31.77 watts   
33.06 watts Conversion efficiency      84.61 %           144.93 % System
efficiency           8.82 %             8.16 %

Upon contrasting the results, the first obvious difference is the higher
power consumption rate of the Dyna-Flux machine as compared to the
standard machine.  This result was anticipated because great physical
differences exist between the two generators.  The standard machines is
laminated in its construction, has extremely small air gaps, contains
six sets of power windings and has an efficiency designed magnetic
circuit.  The Dyna-Flux machine, on the other hand, only contains
laminations in its rotor, has much larger air gaps, has two sets of
power windings and utilizes an antiquated yoke-type magnetic circuit, a
consequence of limited financial resources. All things considered, the
Dyna-Flux prototype does sustain higher losses.  However, despite this
handicap, note the incredible difference in actual input power rates
once the losses have been segregated; not the higher yield in output
power between the two contestants, and note the absolutely unheard of
difference in conversion efficiencies, while the system efficiencies are
nearly equal! To really appreciate this anomalous conversion efficiency,
it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term.  The highest
possible energy conversion for standard Electro-dynamic machinery is
100%.  This means that after all losses have been accounted for and
deducted, the actual input power should be equal to the load power if
the circuits have been optimized. In the case of the standard machine
some number very close to the theoretical limit, say 98.5% or so, could
probably have been achieved if conjugate impedance matching has been
supplied.  However, this would have made an already tedious task even
more difficult. Conjugate compensation would have had to be calculated
for each load level and then the necessary electrical components of
appropriate value located and inserted into the circuit.  This extra
work seemed pointless when it was already evident that the conversion
efficiency would never exceed 100%. In the case of the Dyna-Flux, no
conjugate compensation was provided either, although for totally
different reasons.  Nonetheless, the results certainly have the
appearance of pure science fiction; how are such numbers possible?
Standard power systems imitate D.C. machinery in their ultimate
functioning, that is, their power flow is uni-directional.  To support
this flow of power away from the source, an endless supply of energy
must be available.  Realization of this fact is embodied in the laws of
thermodynamics as they apply to standard linear systems, i.e., you
cannot get out more than you put in. If Energy Resonance is to be
achieved, then the system giving rise to this phenomenon must be capable
of bi-directional energy flow; the energy must oscillate.  As a result
of oscillating the energy, the same energy is used over and over again
until it is completely diminished.  The prime mover need only supply
enough to keep the overall volume constant. Ramifications of
oscillating the energy in a system include oscillating power,
oscillating velocity, oscillating torque, as well as the standard
oscillating voltage and current.  Hence, the complexity of such a
process is obvious; I seriously doubt if it could ever have been
discovered by accident. This article has been structure to achieve the
greatest degree of openness possible without disclosing proprietary
information.  However, knowing human nature as I do, it is a safe guess
to assume that many readers upon reaching this point will conclude one
of the following: A)  The device is a fraud. B)  There is no room in
natural law for the results described, the inventor is in error. For
those readers who align themselves with conclusion A, please be advised
that the Dyna-Flux Alternator has been examined by the Electrical
Engineering Dept. of the University of Pennsylvania.  Preliminary
investigations support author's findings.  For those who tend towards
conclusion B, please be informed of the following historical facts. In
the early 1900's when James Clerk Maxwell was formulating his theories
of electro-magnetic waves, he stated emphatically "It's of great
importance to determine whether any portion of energy conveyed by an
electric current can be attributed to matter possessing inertia; it is
desirable, therefore, that experiments should be made on the subject
with great care."  He then showed that three types of experimental
effects should occur if true momentum carriers actually comprise as
electric current: A)  If a circular coil is freely suspended by an axial
thread with its axis vertical, any change in current flowing within it
should produce a rotation of the coil. B)  A coil carrying current
should exhibit gyroscopic effects. C)  When a rapidly rotating coil,
part of an unenergized closed circuit, is suddenly stopped, the inertia
of the charge carriers should produce a current in the circuit. Maxwell
performed experiments to detect these effects and all his results were
negative.  Accordingly, he concluded "since no evidence has yet been
obtained to support the notion of current carrier momentum, I shall now
proceed on the assumption that they do not exist, or at least that they
produce no sensible effect." Following the dictates of this line of
reasoning, Maxwell went on to develop his theories of electro-magnetism
in the belief that all energy associated with an electric current is
conveyed solely by its electric and magnetic field structure.
Nevertheless, all three effects described by Maxwell have since been
experimentally observed.  Barnett successfully measured the gyroscopic
effect in 1915.  Effect C was observed by Einstein and deHaas in l915
and l916 respectively, and effect A was detected in 1930 again by
Barnett. It is interesting to note that no amendments have ever been
made to basic magnetic wave theory to accommodate these findings. 
Therefore, it is certainly possible that our present day conceptions of
efficiency and the energy of induction may be in error by as much as
50%!  We need only identify the nature of this additional energy in
order to avail ourselves of its benefits.  Energy resonance appears to
be one mechanism capable of achieving this end.

A GREATER MYSTERY The successful testing of the Dyna-Flux caused great
enthusiasm and activity among the partners.  Mr. K. and Mr. H. began
making plans to raise development capital, while I continued with the
theoretical aspects and the preparation of patent applications.  I
suppose that I need not mention that I have grave apprehensions
concerning the reactions of the patent office to this invention.  The
problems experienced with the transforming generator were insignificant
in comparison to what I expected to encounter with Dyna-Flux.  Therefore,
I toned down my invention disclosure so that it reflected only the
necessary information to show that the device was new and novel.  I
submitted my application and then dismissed all concerns from my mind. 
I absolutely refused to become emotionally involved with the
bureaucratic processes which I knew would ensue.  My previous
experiences had been far too damaging.  It will interest the reader to
know that at the time of writing this, my application has already been
rejected twice! While I was attending to the complexities of the patent
preparation, my partners had also been active.  They were identifying
and qualifying potential investors, preparing secrecy agreements and
other legal documents and laying the strategy for demonstrating the
device without jeopardizing our legal position in the eyes of the patent
office. Eventually, may prestigious individuals were exposed to the
wonders of Dyna-Flux: corporate officers, physicists, engineers and
investors of all descriptions.  Some came out of curiosity, some had
true interest, and some, no doubt, intended to scoff and discredit the
invention.  But, regardless of their motives and the differences in
their professional viewpoints, everyone who viewed the presentation
reacted in the same manner; they left in silence never to be heard from
again. The presentation program continued for nearly a year, and every
participant, without exception, behaved the same way.  It was
incredible!  Neither of my partners ventured an explanation, or even
voiced any negative comment, but slowly, the enthusiasm began to swindle,
and gloom descended over our little group and its activities.  If I were
a paranoid individual, I might suspect that the government or some
powerful cartel was interfering with our plans, but the more I pondered
the situation, the more I began to suspect that some other mechanism was
at work.  Perhaps there is a mystery here far more intriguing than
Energy Resonance, a factor which may greatly affect the pace at which
the human race can evolve its consciousness.  A factor which may explain
why Nikola Tesla was not permitted to give his full compliment of
knowledge to mankind.  A factor which may explain many forms of
prejudice, scientific and otherwise.  To elucidate on this matter, let
me paraphrase from James Gleick's provocative book "Chaos". "The
historian of science Thomas S. Kuhn describes a disturbing experiment
conducted by a pair of psychologists in the l904's.  Subjects were given
glimpses of playing cards one at a time, and asked to name them.  There
was a trick, of course.  A few of the cards were freakish:  for example,
a red six of spades, or a black queen of diamonds. At high speed the
volunteers moved smoothly along.  Nothing could have been simpler.  They
didn't see the anomalies at all.  But when the cards were shown for
longer periods, the subjects began to hesitate.  They sensed a problem,
but were not aware of its nature.  A subject might say that he had seen
something strange, like a red border around a black heart. "Eventually,
as the pace slowed even more, most subjects would catch on, but not all
of them.  Some suffered a sense of disorientation that brought real pain.
'I can't make out the suit, whatever it is' or 'it didn't even look like
a card that time', or 'I don't know what color it is now, or it it's a
spade of a heart', or in an extreme case 'My god, I can't even remember
what a spade looks like!' Professional scientists, exposed to brief
uncertain glimpses of nature's workings are no less vulnerable to
anguish and confusion!" Could such a psychological mechanism be at work
in the case of Dyna-Flux and other discoveries?  I am writing this
article to find out.  Since none of you have had a demonstration, you
only have my written words on which to form your opinions.  Will you be
capable of greater open-mindedness on this subject if its validity is
proven to you?  Will your opinions change if you ever view the device? 
As you read these words, can you envision ways in which Energy Resonance
technology could be applied for the betterment of man?  Will you cry
hoax if you see the machine in action or dismiss it from your conscious
mind?  There is no reason why these machines cannot be manufactured
right now.  Do you perceive Dyna-Flux as a non-nuclear alternative? 
Will you judge it as another perpetual motion machine?  I would really
like to know the answers to those questions.  In fact, I would be
greatly interested in any comments pertaining to this article.  Please
feel free to correspond with me.  I cannot promise to answer all letters,
but I will certainly try.  Interested parties should write to:

M K H Partners - Mr. Murray P. O. Box 8481 Piscataway, New Jersey  08855

Dyna-Flux patent has been granted in Canada. M-I_M-^CM-D^FM-!\'M-^K^V^'^EM-^@
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still eludes the rest of the world. C)  Most of his later inventions,
including the Magnifying Transmitter, probably made use of this "secret"
knowledge, and therefore, still remains misunderstood by the scientific
community as well as the general public.

INITIAL RESEARCH Early in l971, I purchased some pro