ON TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND SPIRAL NEBULAE

By Jorge Resines

This time I want to bring my fellow borderlanders not what I 
have personally found, but translations of two highly 
interesting articles.  They come from an age where it was 
not possible to do computer-simulations and therefore men of 
science had to avail themselves of whatever method they 
could to investigate.  Two such methods are herein 
described.  With the first one you will be able to 
reproduce, on a small scale, the features of the energy grid 
discovered by Bruce Cathie (with only a small adaptation) 
and with the other you will be able to duplicate the motions 
of galaxies and stellar cumuli.

Some comments on the first article:  Cathie discovered that 
our present magnetic poles are the result of TWO interacting 
grids that are being set-up by flying saucers in order to 
create a THIRD grid (the poles of which are, respectively, 
the North and South Magnetic Poles), in this article you 
will notice that only TWO spherical coils are used but in 
order to replicate our planetary grid FOUR must be employed.

"About the Inequalities in Distribution of Terrestrial 
Magnetism" by Mr. P. Idrac, Introduced by Mr. Lippmann (From 
"Comptes Rendus a L'Academies des Sciences de Paris", 
session of December 22, 1913; pages 1488-1490.)

Within an opuscule published in 1889, Sir H. Wilde has 
exposed his works upon an instrument he called 
"Magnetarium", destined to reproduce the phenomena of 
terrestrial magnetism. 

Despite the objections that Bauer made against it, there 
exists within his exposition (Wilde's) a general agreement 
so much similar to actuality that I have thought it very 
interesting to begin again this work in order to complete 
it.  The device by Wilde, in fact, did not allow the study 
of magnetic phenomena at high latitudes and, particularly, 
within the neighborhood of magnetic poles.

To such a stake I have built a new device with a diameter of 
50 centimeters (Translator's note: 1.62 Cathie's geodesic 
foot), within which I can supply with electricity the two 
internal coils without affecting the study in the 
neighborhood of the poles.

The new device has allowed me to confirm, within its great 
outlines, the results by Wilde.  But if we research what 
goes on near the poles we find out that the North pole is at 
its normal place, but the South pole is at 91o East 
longitude instead of at 157o, which is almost at the 
antipodes of the North pole with a distance of 7o only in 
longitude instead of 73o as in nature.  I have found, by 
adding plates of hard cardboard at all possible positions, 
to obtain the pole's actual position and I could not 
establish it less than 30o from its true location and this 
after the placing of six layers of hard cardboard at a 
portion of the Southern hemisphere covered by land; yet this 
gave as result, at small distances from the South pole, 
inadmissible irregularities within the magnetic inclination 
(TN: Is this provoked by the lack of the two coils, 
representing the two other poles, or perhaps Monsieur Idrac 
reproduced upon his small globe an etheric duplicate of the 
hole at the pole?)

Then it seems impossible to represent, albeit with some 
rigor, the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism, one could 
expect to approach actuality when breaking the alignment in 
the common center of the coils and placing them upon the 
line of the magnetic poles; but a simple calculation 
demonstrates that magnetic force should be 2-1/2 times 
stronger at North Africa than at Oceania, which is 
manifestly against actuality.  Within the Equator's 
neighborhood, however, the results by the device are enough 
in agreement with the facts and show well that the 
irregularity in terrestrial magnetism's distribution is due, 
at least partially to the magnetizing effect of the seas. 
This effect is confirmed by the fact that when duplicating 
thickness with hard cardboard plates at the zones of large 
depth in the oceans, the results are diminished.

Is it so that the line of zero declination at South America 
has been re-established 1o towards its actual location and 
that the East portion of the small oval area with null 
declination at China has returned to its true place from 
which it had been detoured about 5o before.  The line of 
null inclination has been modified in the same way West of 
America and East of Asia, within the first case it was too 
much.  Northwards and the oceanic depth upon the coasts of 
Chile diminished it 1 degrees towards the South.  Within the 
second case it was located too much Southwards and it was 
closer than 2 degrees towards its actual position.

It remains to be seen which is the actual cause of this 
oceanic magnetizing effect.  Must we search for it within 
the oceanic mass itself or is it not better to think, as 
Monsieur Berget does, that the thickness of the terrestrial 
core is different under the seas than under the continents?

For solving this difficulty, I have used a small magnetic 
declination compass specially built to such a sake, and in 
which the magnet, with a length of 5 millimeters (TN: almost 
1/5th of Cathie's geodesic inch; a little longer in honor to 
the truth), could be approached until a distance of 1 
millimeter to the terrestrial surface: within these 
conditions, it is observed a brusque variation of many tens 
in degrees within declination as to pass from continents to 
the seas.

This effect is not produced when, as in past experiences, 
the magnetic compass is placed 2.5 centimeters (almost one 
British inch) from the terrestrial surface.  If the oceans 
are agitated well because of their mass or because of the 
elements they contain, we should, when extending those 
places to the sea, verify a very rapid variation in the 
declination, and this does not happen.  It is then that the 
opposite hypothesis is the one most possible?. 

In definition, we then see that the Magnetarium, which 
seduces because of its implicitly in conception, cannot 
yield in full the reason for the phenomena in terrestrial 
magnetism.  It allows, however, to state that the anomalies 
in magnetism's distribution are, in large part, due to the 
seas' magnetizing effect.  The primordial cause of this 
effect is difficult to ascertain within the present-day 
state of Science (1913!), therefore we can attribute, 
because of the great resemblance, to attribute it to the 
inequalities upon the terrestrial core at least to a smaller 
proportion of magnetic materials within maritime regions 
(END OF TRANSLATION)

Yes, it is a very interesting experience that, with present-
day materials, it is simpler to reproduce and to improve; 
however, great care must be taken in ascertaining: size of 
the four spherical coils; size and location of their 
support; using or not a variable power source (both in 
frequency and power); and similar features related with this 
construction.

My reading of the "Comptes Rendus" up to 1927 (included) has 
failed to disclose a continuation or improvement of the two 
experiences detailed in this translation; now comes the 
second article:

"Experience Reproducing the Spires of Spiral Nebulae" by Mr. 
Emile Belot, Introduced by Mr. H. Poincare (From "Comptes 
Rendus a L'Academies des Sciences de Paris, session of June 
24, 1912, pages 1780-1782).

Usually the spires of spiral nebula are thought of as 
synchronic curves that the matter emitted by the core 
occupies at a given moment, as water does within the jets of 
an hydraulic tourniquet.

Within this hypothesis, the vector radius of spires 
diminishes when it turns in the sense of central rotation, 
but you can also imagine that this vector radius increases 
and that the spires then follow the masses' trajectories.  
This second hypothesis can be illustrated with the following 
experience that puts at stake forces that may have their 
equals in nature (see illustration).  Upon the surface of a 
basin A, filled with water, we make turn a cylinder BC of 
radius a, corresponding to the core of spiral nebula; the 
water surrounding this core will take an angular speed of w, 
variable with distance to center R, following such a law 
that:

	w(R-a)n = constant    (n < 2 ; R > a + b)       (1)

At point B, which we suppose fixed at space, we place 
sequentially cork disks D of radius b; they will adhere to 
core BC because of the capillary attraction replacing here 
Newtonian attraction; we animate the liquid A of a relative 
translation speed V, perpendicular to diameter BC.

The trajectories of disks D will be very different, 
according to the rotation speed w of the core:

(1st) wl very large:  The disks D projected by centrifugal 
force describe upon the surface of water a spiral S1, 
because of decreasing speed w after (1) because of the 
liquid filaments they do hit against.

(2nd) wl diminished:  At B, tangential speed w(a+b)-V of 
disks D cannot vanquish central attraction; speed V will 
place the disks in contact with the course just at C, but at 
this point speed w(a+b)-V can surpass that which balances 
central attraction, the disks abandon the core at C 
describing a spiral S2, diametrically opposite to S1.

(3rd) w1 very feeble:  Disks D, despite speed V, remain 
indefinitely in touch with the core.

Within the three cases the disks do receive from the core a 
sense of rotation opposite to it's.

Case of Spiral Nebulae:  Because of assimilation with the 
former mechanism, let us imagine that a star in rotation or 
a gaseous vortex BC does penetrate a nebula A having a 
relative translation speed V where direction, changing 
because of resistance from the medium, will be at a given 
moment within the equatorial plane of the core.

At B, where the core's tangential speed is opposite to V, 
the molecular hits will be at a maximum that will determine 
the formation of vortexes D composed partially by matter 
from the core and partially by matter from the nebula.  The 
hits will make maximal at point B repulsive forces others 
than centrifugal force, that is the thermal force fo 
explosion analogous that which happens within sunspots, 
radiation pressure and no doubt also electrical forces.  
Then vortexes D will abandon the core always at point B and 
at periodical intervals, for they will have attained it, 
with a certain mass, a diameter that will further center 
from attraction center O; in the case where the core is a 
gaseous vortex, I have found within my "Essai de Cosmogonie 
Tourbillionaire" (Essay on Vortical Cosmogony) the equation 
of spire S1:
	
	R - a = be B Omega

Let us follow spire S1: masses D will either be able to 
agglomerate themselves in steller groups d1, d2, d3, because 
of differential speeds within the spire; or because of their 
rotation upon their axes they will emit around them 
secondary spires 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; when spire S1 goes a second 
time along the line OB perpendicular to speed V, that, 
opposed to the translation speed within the spire, will 
reflow to extreme d4, thus we explain with simplicity the 
Herschellian double-nebula that usually end following one of 
these spires.  Though the core's rotation energy will be 
diminished, vortexes D will not be abandon it but at C 
because of the orbital supplementary speed V; the masses of 
spire S2 so described, though they traverse the extension of 
line OC, will be able to, instead of reflowing along spire 
S1, be dispersed at S'2 because of Speed V, this speed can 
explain also the inequality in distance of the two spires at 
the core's center; but spire S2 within case (3rd) can also 
not be formed in which case the spiral nebula will have only 
one spire.

All these effects, suggested by the experience described 
before and foreseen by our theory, are seen visible upon the 
nebula of the Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici), where you will 
recognize the pattern upon the figure; it seems that the 
theory, where the spires are considered as synchronical 
curves and not as some trajectories, cannot explain so 
easily all the particularities of spiral nebula (END OF 
TRANSLATION).

And I want to terminate this text by dedicating it to:  
Necessity, mother of Invention.


 . I remind the readership that the Magnetarium is composed 
of two almost-spherical electrical coils, placed within a 
terrestrial globe, in which one has its axis parallel to 
that of Earth and the other is inclined 23o 30' respect the 
first one; their diameter is as close as possible to a 
submultiple of the terrestrial globe; it is observed, when 
covering the surface of the seas with plates of hard 
cardboard, a remarkable agreement between the magnetic 
elements as given by a small magnetic compass placed upon 
the small globe and the same elements as observed in nature; 
we find, among others, upon the Magnetarium, the existence 
of a small oval area of magnetic declination at China, the 
point of crossing at the Atlantic, the lines of equal 
declination, etc.
 . This conclusion is already confirmed by the diminution 
that it is observed when re-covering Northern Siberia with a 
layer of hard cardboard; the line of null declination is 
then re-established partially towards its actual location; 
or we say that, upon this region of the globe, the 
geologists admit the existence of a former sea before our 
age.