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                       Electromagnetic Field Propulsion
                                      or
                         How to Build a Flying Saucer
                               December 31, 1987

                              by Harold A. Lamkin
                          GEnie mail box : HAL-LAMKIN


BACKGROUND INFORMATION

With most subjects, one just starts describing the subject. When one attempts
to describe how to build a flying saucer, he first supplies enough background
information to convince the public that he is not crazy. This situation is
frustrating. Your idea does not appear even in the wildest proposals for
spaceflight. Yet to have your idea evaluated by independent sources, you might
acquire the reputation of a loony.

A case in point is the infamous Dean Drive. The inventor used a drill motor
and wheels for his device. The written description which I read testified that
it produced a horizontal force on his kitchen floor. The impression I received
from this report is that the machine vibrated across the floor. The inventor
did choose where the machine operated. The inventor would not let anyone else
work on his vaguely worded patent. I do not think he wanted the public to find
out that it did not work. In any event a Dr. Dean was convinced the single
event was real. He tried to invent new physics to explain the event. He
obtained a very unfavorable reputation in the process.

The engine described in this article is far different from the Dean Drive. No
new physics is required. In fact, the physics is straight out of a physics
text book. The basic unit is like a particle accelerator, not a drill motor.
The basic principles are electromagnetic, not mechanical. Most important, I
want others to work on and to test this engine even if I forfeit patent rights
in the process.

The common point for both systems is the subject matter. They attempt to turn
energy into linear motion. No reaction mass (a rocket) is required. Any device
in this category will raise critical eyebrows. I have nightmares that the
"Lamkin Drive" will be held up as a point of ridicule. I made every attempt to
conservative, scholarly work. I hope the public will view it as a noteworthy
first step.

The basic idea occurred to me when attending a physics class on electrical
theory. The professor was busy filling the blackboard with equations. The
students were busy copying them down. The subject was on page 744 of the text
("Physics" volume 2 by Paul Tipler, Worth Publishers).

Under some very specialized conditions one electron in motion can exert a
force on another electron in motion without any force exerted on the first
electron.

The professor said that the whole system will move. I raised my hand to stop
this mad flow of mathematics. I asked "You mean the system containing both
electrons will move?" He verbally answered, "Well, yes." His facial expression
contained surprise that I had interrupted the class with such a trivial
question. My grade was only a "B," but I got far more out of that class than
any other student. I found out how to build a flying saucer. In fact, I drew a
saucer spaceship around the force diagram in the text.

The physical situation is an unbalanced physical force which does not violate
any physical law. The physics needed to describe this situation has been known
for a hundred years. Momentum is conserved. The momentum in the line of motion
is balanced by the momentum carried off by electromagnetic radiation in the
opposite direction. Yet, this unbalanced physical force is the stuff that
rocket type propulsion systems are made of. Electrical energy can cause
physical motion even in the vacuum of space.

This article includes enough general discussion to be of interest to the
general reader. It also incudes enough mathematics to prove the point. The
math uses calculus and vectors. If you are not mathematically inclined, just
skip over the math notations. Even though my chosen field is not physics, I
think the math is correct. I would like to hear from anyone who can advance,
correct, or physically test this propulsion system.

THE SUBJECT MATTER

The Subject matter is not whether or not flying saucers exist. The saucer
shape is not forced onto a spacecraft. The source of electrical energy is not
discussed. This article is how a propulsion system exerts a physical force. It
is not even the design of a system which could lift itself off the ground.

THE SYSTEM

One electron can exert a physical force on another electron without a
reciprocal action in one very specialized situation.

The electrons' motion must be perpendicular with respect to each other.

Consider the following diagram. The two arrows are the path of two electrons
in motion. The "d" stands for differential. It can be considered as a small
distance. The length of l2, that is its distance traveled, can be of any
length.

This is not the case for l1. The motion of electron 1 must be restricted to
the infinitesimal distance where the perpendiculars would meet if l2 was
extended downward.

                                   ^
                                  / \
                                   |       ->
                                   |     d l
                                   |        2

                         ->
                       d l        <--
                          1

                              Figure 1

              ( CENTER ARROWS ARE PERPENDICULAR ELECTRON PATHS )

Consider two situations. Use the right hand rule (if you know it) to determine
the magnetic lines of force of l1. For the second situation, do the same thing
for l2. You may want to use "arrow notations" on two separate diagrams. Assume
an arrow is shot in the direction of the line of force.

If the line of force goes into the paper, the feathers will leave an "X." Mark
an "X" for these lines. When an arrow comes out of the paper, the first thing
you see is a point or "."

Keep in mind that a force on one electron is only exerted when it crosses the
lines of force created by another electron. Consider the lines of force
created by l1 as indicated below.

             X X X X X X X      ^            X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X     / \           X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X      |       ->   X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X      |     d l    X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X      |        2   X X X X X X X

                                   Figure 2

                         LINES OF FORCE CREATED BY l1

Electron 2 definitely cuts through the lines of force created by electron 1.
This force by electron 1 on electron 2 is denoted by the symbol F12.

Now consider the lines of force created by l2. They are in a circle around l1
as indicated. Keep in mind that l1 is very short.

             .   .   .   .                     X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .                     X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .       ->            X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .     d l        <--  X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .        1            X   X   X   X   X

                                   Figure 3

                      LINES OF FORCE CREATED BY l2

The electron 1 is inside the cylindrical lines of force created by l2.
Electron 1 does not cross any lines of force because it is only at the zero
point. The force by electron 2 on electron 1 is zero or F21 = 0. The electrons
are still in motion. As such, an electromagnetic pulse is generated.

The force F12 is in the direction of l1, or to the left. The force F21 is
zero. The energy which is not used in F21 is left to generate electromagnetic
radiation. Note that the electron motion is not in a circuit. If the circuit
is a completed circle, the forces would cancel out. An unequal force is only
created with current segments such as those created by a particle accelerator.

MATHEMATICAL PROOF

If you are not into math, just skip this section. The forces F12 and F21 can
be calculated. The two basic physical equations are as follows :

          Equation #1
                                  ->          ->        ->
               MAGNETIC FORCE =  dF  =  I   d l    X    B


                                                   ->    ^
          Equation #2
                                 ->          ( I  dl  X  r )
               BIOT-SAVART    = dB   =  K    ----------------
                                         m      (  r  r  )

                        where K  = 0.0000001 Newtons per Amp squared
                               m

A Newton is the force required to accelerate one kilogram one meter per second
squared. It is equal to .2248 lbs. By substitution the force of one current
upon another is found.

          Equation #3
                                                ->    ^
                              ->         ( I1  dl  X  r )
               d F12  =  I2  dl   X    K  ---------------
                                        m     ( r  r )

If it were not so hard to type equations which can be sent over a modem, I
would step by step derive the values of F12 and F21. The main idea is just to
know when the cross product is zero and when not. It just follows the above
logic.  The results are :

          Equation #4.a
                                               ->
                         I1 I2 (0.0000001)   d l2          ->
               dF12  =   ----------------------------    d l1
                               ( r r)

          Equation #4.b

               dF21  =  0

THE MACHINE

The trick is to devise a machine which uses the above principle. The force F12
is like one half cycle on a gas engine. The cycle must be repeated many times.
What will such an engine look like?

               The lines of magnetic force generated by l1 are the
          necessary ones. The electron 2 must cross these lines.
          Visualize this situation. The lines of force of l1 are like
          cylinders around l1. Electron 2 can travel any radius away
          from l1. If any radius will do, why not use all radii. This
          means that the propulsion unit is a disk with l1 at the
          center. The first principle of designing the engine is that
          the unit is in the form of a disk.

               The next obvious observation is that electrons which do
          not complete a circuit can not constantly travel in one
          direction. Electrons would pile up in one spot. This leads
          to the question, "What happens when the currents in l1 and
          l2 are reversed simultaneously?" The answer is that another
          force is created which has the same direction as the first
          force because the direction of the lines of force are
          reversed. The second principle of design is that currents in
          l1 and l2 are constantly reversing. This is the cycle of the
          engine.

               What kind of material will carry the currents l1 and
          l2? This is more of an engineering problem and no small one
          at that. If the concepts presented here are valid, I
          visualize crystalline structure which does not offer any
          resistance in the directions of l1 and l2. The new high
          temperature superconductive materials might have this
          quality. However, for experimental purposes a vacuum will
          do. The electrons can bounce back and forth in a sort of
          magnetic bottle.

          THE FORCE :
               Now that we have some idea of what the engine looks
          like and how it works, the next question is "How much force
          does it produce?"  I do not see any reason to have different
          current levels in l1 and l2. Because we want to know how
          much force per amp of current, let I1 and I2 each equal one
          amp in the last equation (equation #4.a) which determines
          the force F12. Additionally move dl1 to the left side of the
          equation. With the units of measure included in the
          equation, the results are :

          Equation #5
               dF12          ( 1 A A)   (0.0000001 N/(A A))      ->
          F =  -----     =   ------------------------------    d l2
               d l1                   r  r

          This equation only gives the force along one radius outward
          from l1. Use cylindrical coordinates to integrate the right
          side of the equation ( excuse the way the integration sign
          looks).

          Equation #6

                       /2||     /r   0.0000001          ->
               F  =   |        |    -----------   r   d l2  da
                     /o       /o       r  r


                         where a = the theta coordinate angle

          If r, the distance between electrons is constant, the result
          in Newtons per one Amp is :

          Equation #7
                     __
               F  = 2||  (0.0000001)

          This is the equation for force for one pulse of current. In
          the actual engine the current is alternating. Because time
          is required to accelerate electrons, alternating current is
          less than the maximum direct current. The equation from the
          books state that

          Equation #8
               I            =  .5  I
                (average)           (maximum)

          therefore

          Equation #8
                                  __
               F    =  0.0000001  ||    =  0.00000031415927 Newtons

               This is probably a conservative reduction for the
          alternating nature of the current. The electrons would not
          have to stop at the end of l1. Slow speed electrons could
          travel beyond the length limit of l1. Then l1 would just
          contain the high speed electrons. Further, the acceleration
          of electrons would not have to have the same sin wave
          pattern of alternating current. Even so, we will consider
          the last equation as the force per amp per one half of a
          cycle.

               This is not a very large force. But we are not through
          with the basic operations of the engine. Two other aspects
          must be considered.

               The first is the number of cycles per second. If the
          number of cycles is 10 to the power of 7, then the force per
          amp is more respectable. This frequency is also in the high
          visible light range (actually a little higher). The curious
          side effect is the electromagnetic radiation produced. As
          previously stated, radiation carries away momentum on one
          side of the force diagram which makes the system move in the
          other direction. If the cycles are in the visible light
          range, then the engine will glow like a light bulb. This is
          not just a side effect. If it doesn't glow, it doesn't go.

               The second consideration is the quantity F = dF12/dl1.
          This is the force per small length of l1. This length is
          restricted to the area where there are no lines of force
          produced by l2. If the lines from l2 are contorted to leave
          a bigger gap, then the length of l1 could be increased.
          Force per cycle should increase. There is only one problem.
          I do not have any clear idea on how to do it. It does
          appears possible.

               With these considerations it should be possible for 100
          amp currents to lift 70 lbs. This should be enough at least
          for some space based orbit keeping functions.

          SIMILARITIES TO OBSERVED FLING SAUCERS :
               Even if this article does not comment on flying
          saucers, I must note the similarities between the engine
          just described and the better flying saucer observations. I
          should also note that many observations do not correlate to
          the behavior of this engine.
          (1) Soil samples of some reported landing sites show traces
          of high radiation treatment. Reportedly a Dr. Zellar from
          the University of Kansas did the test (From the book In
          Search of Extraterrestrials by Alan Landsburg). Dr. Zellar
          did not believe in saucers. The described engine should have
          the same effect.
          (2) The reported saucers landings left deep depressions
          where the landing legs had rested. Reportedly saucers are
          heavy. The engine described in this article will most likely
          be heavy.
          (3) Electrical current in old, mechanical ignition system
          cars do not work around saucers. The engine in this article
          would probably disrupt nearby electrical equipment because
          of the strong alternating magnetic properties. In fact, it
          would probably zap a computer chip or destroy a modern auto
          ignition system with IC chips (I can't wait to see if
          someone destroys their car just to claim extra terrestrial
          contact).
          (4) People around the reported saucer do not have the
          ability to move. They are frozen just as if an electric
          current was applied to all areas of their body. The safety
          effects of the described engine should not be ignored. I
          will not build this engine in my basement even if I had the
          equipment to do so. I expect that the alternating magnet
          will disrupt the nervous system which also uses electrical
          charges between nerve cells. In extreme cases it could stop
          the heart.
          (5) Flying saucers are lens shaped. The optimal shape for
          the described engine is also lens shaped. The l1 direction
          is the short central thickness. The l2 direction is the
          radius. The more efficient engines will have a longer l1
          (thickness). Even with the longest l1 direction, the overall
          shape will be like a lens. The force is in the direction of
          l1. The flat, disk side faces Earth.
          (6) As saucer speed increases the light emitted is in the
          higher frequency spectra. The described engine increases its
          force as frequency increases.

          WHAT DO I WANT :
               If I could ignore the slings and arrows of reality, I
          would like two basic commodities -- fame and fortune. I
          would like to be known as the inventor of the one practical
          space craft. I also like money. Because reality will not
          tolerate my greed, I must make much more modest request.
          Above all else I want this engine evaluated and promoted. I
          would like to see physical tests and working models.
          Everyone should feel free, and encouraged, to work on this
          model. I do request to be informed of the results.  I await
          your comments.
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