BIG BANG DEBUNKED



by


Vernon Brown








Early in the 1900's Edwin Hubble discovered that there was 
a direct relationship between a red shift in the light spectrum of 
stars and their distance from the observer.  Through the 1920's 
Hubble struggled to pinpoint the exact relationship between this red 
shift and distance.  Hubble published articles and lectured frequently 
about the progress of his work.

Georges Lemaitre, a Belgian Catholic priest, pounced upon 
Hubble's publications and postulated the big-bang account of 
creation in 1927.  He described an expanding universe that 
originated in an enormous explosion and cited the works of Edwin 
Hubble and Willem de Sitter as evidence.  With one stroke of 
genius, Lemaitre upstaged the scientists and united religious 
creation with the latest scientific observations of his day.

Born of a priest and a mule skinner, the big-bang 
theory grew to plague the efforts of reasonable scientists.

Milton La Salle Humason began working at the Mount 
Wilson Observatory as a mule driver in the early 1900's during the 
time that Edwin Hubble did research there.  Humason advanced in 
status through dedication to hard work and began doing telescope 
observations for Hubble's use.  While he worked with Hubble, 
Humason became a student of Lemaitre's work and began 
advocating Lemaitre's account of creation.

Hubble pointed out that contrary to Lemaitre's ideas, the red 
shift was probably not due to the Doppler effect.  If it were, he 
maintained, a projection of the present observations into the past 
would place all observable mass in one spot about 2.5 billion years 
in the past.  This was much too little time to be compatible with 
other observations.

One of the main objections Hubble had to the big-bang 
theory came from his study of the brightness of certain stars.  He 
maintained that if stars were receding at the rate indicated by their 
red shift their brightness should seem diminished.  He observed that 
there was no such diminishing of brightness.

When Hubble died on Sept. 28, 1953, Humason was loosed 
from Hubble's leash.  He worked ardently with several others and 
by 1956 they had worked some magic and changed Hubble's 
constant by an order of magnitude to make it compatible with the 
big-bang theory.

Hubble based the original value of Hubble's constant upon 
scientific analysis.  He measured distances to stars by several means 
and then compared their red shift with these distances.  He arrived 
at a value of 500.  Big bangers changed this value to, "somewhere 
around 35 but certainly less than 50," to prevent conflict with the 
big-bang version of creation.

When one uses a value of 50 for Hubble's constant the 
distance to several galaxies discovered recently turns out to be 27 
billion light years.  Hubble's original value of 500 would put them at 
270 billion light years.  It is very strange that this number keeps 
changing with each new discovery.  

Humason advanced in stature with the acceptance of the 
big-bang theory and finally became secretary of the Mount Wilson 
and Palomar observatories.  Until his death on June 18, 1972, 
Humason continued to support the big-bang theory over all other 
accounts of creation.  Supporters of the big-bang theory had easy 
access to the observational instruments controlled by Humason; 
opponents of the big bang did not.  

While he lived and was of sound mind, Hubble approached 
the big-bang theory scientifically.  He saw that the only evidence 
directly supporting it was the observed red shift.  He concluded that 
this red shift could not be due to the Doppler effect because other 
observations conflicted with that idea.  But Hubble began losing his 
memory in his early fifties and was never able to show the cause of 
the red shift.  After his death most scientists gradually accepted that 
Hubble's red shift was caused by the Doppler effect.

Everything known to man changed with time, why could 
light not also age?

The Steady-State theory was proposed by Thomas Gold, 
Herman Bondi, and Fred Hoyle in 1948.  They advocated that the 
universe had existed in a steady state forever.  It was expanding, 
they suggested, but its density remained constant because new mass 
was continuously created.  They calculated the amount of new mass 
that must be created to replace receding galaxies and found it to be 
about one hydrogen atom per cubic mile each year. 

Gamma ray photons from galaxies must interact to form 
electrons in space just as they do in laboratories on earth. It does 
not take a genius to see that the amount could easily be one atom 
per cubic mile per year, but much less would actually be required if 
the universe were not really expanding. It is very possible that light 
moving through space continuously shifts toward a less energetic 
state--red shift. We know very well that light does this in the 
Compton effect where a photon bounces off an electron and loses 
energy. 

Sir Fred Hoyle's fame came mainly from his work in 
showing that recycled stars could produce all the elements found in 
nature.  He showed in detail how atomic reactions would proceed 
from the element hydrogen all the way through to the heaviest 
elements known.  He proved that there was no need for a big bang 
to explain how nature formed the heavy elements.  

The Photonics Universe is a non-expanding natural 
orderly system that has existed forever.

According to photon theory the universe is an 
electromagnetic structure comprised only of photons.  These 
photons exist free in space where they are observed as light, and 
they also exist in phase-locked patterns, where they are observed as 
mass.

When electrons and positrons collide they produce gamma-
ray photons.  These photons may interfere with each other and 
become phase-locked in patterns. They then become electrons and 
positrons again. 

When such collisions occur at very great speed, photon flux 
of the collisions produce protons and neutrons. Neutrons are 
unstable by themselves in space, and decay to become electrons and 
protons in a few seconds. Protons produced in electron-positron 
collisions collect electrons and become hydrogen atoms in 
accordance with the rules of Quantum Electrodynamics.

Protons formed out of electron-positron collision debris 
collect electrons to become hydrogen atoms and migrate toward 
each other, attracted by their gravity.  These atoms gather in huge 
clouds and move toward other concentrations of mass.  Currents 
and eddies form in the clouds, causing lumps to accumulate.  In the 
lumps pressure builds to atomic fury fusing hydrogen atoms into 
helium.  A star is thus born. 

Billions of  stars gather to produce galaxies most of which 
are about a hundred thousand light years in diameter.  Stars in the 
galaxy age and die in explosions creating the heavy elements by the 
process that Sir Fred Hoyle discovered.  Burnt-out stars gravitate 
toward the center of the galaxy.

All mass in the Photonics universe gravitates toward the 
center of the closest galaxy.  Stars in the galaxy churn the mass into 
increasingly heavier elements through atomic fusion.  Fission and 
fusion reactions continue as stars recycle their mass through birth 
and death.  Mass becomes light in star-rich galaxies and they spew 
photons outward into space.

Photons and some small particles contain enough energy to 
escape the galaxy.  Others without enough energy to escape churn 
through the process again and again until all mass eventually 
becomes light; all light eventually becomes mass, and the cycle 
continues throughout the life of the galaxy.

Photons and small particles that escape the galaxy gravitate 
toward concentrations of mass.  These repeat the cycle as they 
become part of another huge cloud of debris and the process goes 
on and on.

Big Bangers have become fewer with recent new 
discoveries.

Halton Arp of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in 
Munich, Germany wrote in a letter published in the July 27, 1991 
issue of the AAAS publication, Science, "They [big-bangers] 
overlook observational facts that have been piling up for 25 years 
and that have now become overwhelming.  Of course, if one 
ignores contradictory observations, one can claim to have an 
'elegant' or 'robust' theory.  But, it isn't science."

Recent observations have turned up several new classes of 
objects that violate the big-bang's most basic assumption.  Many are 
too distant to fit the big-bang age of the universe of about 20 billion 
years.  Others show that the universe is structured with vast ribbons 
of galaxies that could not have reasonably formed in less than about 
200 billion years.  But, of course, Big Bangers abandoned 
reasonableness as a test for reality long ago when Hubble's scientific 
observations were changed by more than an order of magnitude to 
make them fit the big-bang dogma.

Most scientists agree that the milky-way galaxy and the 
solar system are now evolving.  Some put the solar system about 
midway through its life, others a little younger.  Its farthest rocky 
planet, Mars, seems to have cooled through a time of water-rich life 
and now its second farthest, Earth, blossoms.  In the future, Earth 
should cool to be like Mars and Venus should cool to become the 
planet where water-rich life evolves.

Those who believe that nature is controlled by an all-
powerful deity may consider that photons are the thoughts of God. 
Since this idea can not possibly be proven false, it can not be 
scientific. This is a condition the idea shares with all religions, none 
of which are based upon true scientific thought. Philosophers 
reason that only science must obey the rules of science, religious 
ideas must be tested with their own rules.

If photons were the thoughts of God, all of nature would be 
at His whim.  And, since His thoughts are the universe, man can 
only know one God.

Photon theory is therefore consistent with religious beliefs. 
It does not insist upon them, but it also does not condemn them or 
ban religious thought. It is not secular, all religions can fit within its 
structure. In fact, photon theory provides a reasonable way for 
believers to conceive of a true deity and hold that deity to be all 
powerful in nature.

Recent discoveries at the University of Maryland show that 
single photons trapped in resonant cavities behave just like the most 
elementary particles of mass. They possess electrical charge and 
inertia, and all other properties of mass that scientists can measure. 
They even exhibit the relativistic distortion that all other massive 
objects exhibit when scientists subject them to rapid motion.

All these things indicate that some form of photon theory 
will dominate the physics of the 21st century. Students of science 
see it easily, but old scientists ignore its obvious  reality. Max 
Planck pointed out that this is the normal way of scientific 
processes. New ideas must wait for the old keepers of the faith to 
die before they are accepted, but just surely as death must come to 
the old, these new concepts will see their day in the sun.