AOH :: Hard Disks :: WD1007.TXT

AOH :: WD1007.TXT
Western Digital's WD1007 ESDI controller

Western Digital is a registered trademark of Western Digital
Corporation; IBM PC, AT and XT are registered trademarks of the
International Business Machines Corporation; MS DOS, OS2 and PC DOS
and Xenix are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

WD1007A-WA2

User Guide

The WD1007A-WA2 controller is designed to interface with up to two
ESDI compatible hard disk drives in an IBM PC AT or compatible system
and up two 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch floppy disk drives.

The ESDI drives used with this controller generally have two modes of
operation, soft sector and hard sector. At this time, the WD1007A-
WA2 offers only the hard sector mode of operation.

There are two versions of the WD1007A-WA2 available. Feature 1
(F001) has the WD1007A BIOS which will allow low level formatting of
ESDI type drives using DOS. The Feature 0 (F000) does not have the
BIOS and will work with AT type systems which have ESDI parameters in
the system BIOS or for use with the Novell operating system.

NOTE

DO NOT USE THE WD1007A-WA2 WITH MFM TYPE HARD DISK DRIVES
USE ONLY WITH ESDI HARD DISK DRIVES

Installation of the controller requires three steps: 1) verifying
jumper settings; 2) installing into the host computer; 3) formatting
the hard disk drives. To complete installation, you will need the
following:

Two hard disk cables (3 if using 2 hard disk drives); ESDI hard disk
drive; floppy drive cable (daisy-chain type cable if using two floppy
drives);screwdriver; MSDOS Version 3.3 or later; WD1007A BIOS or
WDFMT 2.10 formatting utility; FDISK (normally included with MSDOS).

Preparation of Controller

WARNING
HANDLE THE CONTROLLER BY THE ENDS OF THE BOARD
SOME OF THE CHIPS ARE STATIC SENSITIVE AND DAMAGE
MAY OCCUR IF THE BOARD IS INCORRECTLY HANDLED

Before you can install your WD1007A-WA2, you will need to be certain
that the jumpers (small shorting plugs) are correctly set. Refer to
Table 1 for correct jumper settings. Modification of factory jumper
settings is rarely necessary. Modify jumpers only under the
direction of a qualified individual; i.e. your dealer.

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³ ùùùW6 W2ùùù ùùùW12 ùùùW9 ³
³ ùùùW4 W1ùùù ùùùW11 ³
³ WD1007A-WAH ùùùW10 ³
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Table 1

Jumper Position Function

W1 2-3 Standard: BIOS Address Select (C8000-09FFF)
W2 2-3
W3 Jumper Enables BIOS

W1 2-3 BIOS Address Select (CA000-CBFFF)
W2 1-2
W3 Jumper Enables BIOS

W1 1-2 BIOS Address Select (CC000-CDFFF)
W2 2-3
W3 Jumper Enables BIOS

W1 1-2 BIOS Address Select (CE000-CFFFF)
W2 1-2
W3 Jumper Enables BIOS

W4 No Jumper Standard: Floppy Controller Enabled

W5 No Jumper Standard: Single Spindle Speed Floppy Drive
Selected (125 nanoseconds precompensation).

W5 Jumper Dual Spindle Speed Floppy Drive Operation

W6 2-3 Standard: Floppy Address Select (3FX)

W6 1-2 Floppy Address Select (37X)

W7 1-2 Floppy Drive Select

W8 No Jumper Standard: WD1007 Mode. Firmware forces a
10 MHz ESDI drive to 35 sectors per track
when using the Set Unformatted Bytes per
Sector command. This mode supports a 1:1
interleave.

W8 Jumper Allows the WD1007A-WA2 to be used as a
replacement board for the WD1005-WAH without
reformatting the drive. The controller
reads the Unformatted Bytes Per Sector from
the drive.

W9 No Jumper Standard: Chassis Ground Disconnected

W10 No Jumper Standard: Digital Input Register Unlatched

W11 Jumper Standard: Diskette Change Enable w/FDC
Option

W12 No Jumper Standard: Secondary Address Select (1FX)

W13 Uncut Floppy Controller Enabled (Etch)

W14 No Jumper Standard: Sector Translation Enabled
Provides physical to logical translation**

W14 Jumper Physical to logical translation disabled.

W15 No Jumper Standard: 4 Bytes ECC

W15 Jumper 7 Bytes ECC

**Because some of the older operating systems can only recognize 17
sectors per track or a maximum of 1048 cylinders per drive, the
WD1007A-WA2 provides a translation scheme so that ESDI hard disk
drives with 34-36 sector mode operation can be fully utilized in a PC
AT.

Hardware Installation

WARNING
MAKE SURE COMPUTER IS TURNED OFF
AND POWER IS DISCONNECTED

1. Verify that your host computer has a 200 watt power supply. If
the disk drive(s) is(are) being installed internally, it is best to
locate the controller in the nearest available expansion slot to the
drive.

2. Remove the blank expansion slot bracket. Put the bracket away
and save it for possible future use. The screw will be used to hold
the new controller in place.

3. The terminating resistor must be present only on the last hard
disk drive connected. If there are two drives, the terminating
resistor must be present on the second drive. Verify proper setting
of drive select switches for drive select 1 or 2. Refer to your
system owner's manual for information about proper drive termination
and select switches. Do not use the Radial Select Option on your
drive.

4. Remove or disable any other floppy controller in your system when
installing the WD1007A-WA2 controller card.

5. Attach 34-pin control connector pin 1 to J1 on the controller
board. Make sure that Pin 1 of the cable connector goes to Pin 1 on
the controller board. Pin 1 of the cable connector is typically
located on the color coded side of the cable.

6. Connect control cable to drive (s).

7. Attach 20-pin data connector to J2 (Drive C or 0).

8. Attach 20-pin data connector to J3 (Drive D or 1).

9. Connect data cables to drives.

10. Attach the 34-pin daisy-chain cable to J4 Connector.

11. Connect the cable to the floppy drive(s).

12. Attach Winchester activity LED connector to J5.

10. Install controller board into the expansion slot. Make sure that
the board is seated properly by pressing down on both ends of the
board. Secure the board with the bracket screw.

CAUTION
WHEN ROUTING CABLES, BE CAREFUL NOT TO PINCH
THEM. CABLES MUST NOT GET CAUGHT BETWEEN THE
COVER AND THE BOARDS, NOR SHOULD THEY OBSTRUCT
ANY AIR FLOW PATH FROM FANS OR VENTS.

WD1007A-WA2

CONFIGURING YOUR DRIVE

In order to use an ESDI drive in any system, you must perform the
following three steps: Low-level formatting the drive using WDFMT, a
third party software, or the WD1007A BIOS; perform active drive
partitioning, using MSDOS 3.3 (FDISK) or other operating systems that
allow partitioning, such as SCO XENIX; and, high-level formatting
using the operating system's normal "Format C: (or D:)/S" command.

1. BIOS: There are two types of BIOS ROMs which may be used to
configure ESDI drives using the WD1007A-WA2. The system BIOS refers
to the BIOS on the computer motherboard. The system BIOS may only be
used if it contains the exact physical drive parameters of your
drive. Most of the older model system BIOS ROMs do not contain ESDI
drive parameters. The best way to determine whether your particular
system BIOS will support your ESDI drive is to contact your system
manufacturer. If you determine that your system BIOS does support
your ESDI drive, you may proceed to performing a low level format by
using your operating system or the WDFORMAT utility.

The WD1007A-WA2 BIOS includes the drive parameters of most ESDI type
drives. If you are using the WD1007A-WA2 BIOS, you may proceed to
the low level formatting routine. You may elect to low level format
with the WD1007A-WA2 BIOS or use the WDFORMAT utility. Both of these
options are included under the System Installation.

System Installation

...WARNING..................WARNING......................WARNING...

THE FOLLOWING LOW-LEVEL FORMAT PROCEDURE
WILL DESTROY ALL DATA ON YOUR HARD DRIVE
BACK-UP THE DATA ON YOUR DRIVE BEFORE
CONTINUING WITH LOW LEVEL FORMAT ROUTINE

Before you can complete the low level formatting routine, you will
need to know the parameters of your hard disk drives. As a
convenience to you, we have included a list of the most common hard
disk drives and their parameters. To access this list, return to the
Storage Controller menu. If your drive is not listed, contact your
drive manufacturer or consult your drive manual to determine drive
type and parameters.

USING THE WD1007A-WA2 BIOS

1. Before using the BIOS, make sure the proper address range is
selected on W1 and W2. Confirm that the BIOS is enabled (jumper on
W3).

2. Enter the BIOS routine through the DOS DEBUG utility. Execute
the DEBUG utility and at the program prompt "-" type:

G=C800:5 <CR>

Depending upon the settings of W1 and W2, this causes the system to
execute proram code stored at location 5 in ROM. The BIOS then tries
to read the parameter tables from the drive and store them in the
shadow RAM. If the drive has not been formatted, the BIOS will
return a message of "drive not initialized". You will see the
following screen:

**Western Digital 1007A-WA2 Initialization Utilities, Rev. 1.0**

PRESENT DRIVE SETUP...+ or - to change. <ENTER for selection

DRIVE 0 CYLINDERS XXX HEADS XX PRECOMP CYLINDER XXX SPT XX

DRIVE 1 CYLINDERS XXX HEADS XX PRECOMP CYLINDER XXX SPT XX

Change Drive Types --->1
Low Level Format --->2
Surface Analysis --->3
Verify Drive --->4
Enter Defect List --->5
Exit and Reboot ---6
Enter Choice (1-6) --->

3. To execute a function, simply enter the number of the desired
routine. The BIOS wil execute that routine and then prompt you to
press a key to return to the main menu. NOTE THAT ALL CHANGES MADE
WHILE IN THE BIOS WILL ONLY BE FINALIZED AFTER A PROPER EXIT THROUGH
FUNCTION 6.

a. Drive type routine

The drive types can be changed by using the "+" and "-" keys.
Assuming that all the ESDI drives in question are specified at
34 sectors per track (SPT), there are four possible choices that
can be implemented for a drive:

No drive present. The BIOS automatically selects a drive type 0
if there is no drive present. You will see the message "***NONE
selected or no drive present!***" next to the drive number.

A selection with 17 sectors per track. Use this feature when the
drive is being used in a system that does not recognize drives with
sectors per track values other than 17 sectors per track. The low-
level format will be at 35 sectors per track, while the parameter
tables created will show 17 sectors per track (with translation
enabled).

A selection with 34 sectors per track. Use this feature if the
system recognizes the standard 34 sectors per track drive.

A selection with 63 sectors per track. Use this feature only when
the drive in question has more than 1024 cylinders. Translation
should always be enabled when such a condition exists. Translation
provides full use of all the cylinders of the drive, even though most
types of AT BIOS recognize only a maximum of 1024 cylinders.

b. Low Level Format Routine

Formatting routines are present to do the low-level initialization of
the disk surface. The drive is formatted at 35 sectors per track.
Transparent to the user, the routine formats with a sector skew and
also formats a spare sector on each track. The surface analysis
routines use the spare sector when reallocating a bad sector on a
track. It is also used to store the parameter information generated
by the BIOS. This information is written to the spare sector on the
cylinder 0, head 0. The sector skew, which is fixed at two, allows
the controller to maintain a 1:1 interleave across all head
boundaries. Sector skewing is a method of formatting in which the
sector numbers are rotated in the interleave table for each track.

c. Surface Analysis Routine

The surface analysis routine identifies bad tracks on the drive and,
in the event that there is only one bad sector on the track (and it
is NOT sector zero), it uses the alternate sector when reformatting
the track. This prevents the controller from identifying the track
as "bad", providing that you have entered the manufacturer's list of
"bad tracks" prior to performing this routine.

d. Verify Drive Routine

The verify routine identifies all the bad tracks on the drive and
lists them by head and cylinder number. Use the FDISK and FORMAT
utilities to prepare the drive.

e. Enter Defect List Routine

This routine allows you to enter the list of bad tracks as listed by
the drive manufacturer on the drive.

4. If using a 5 Mbit per second ESDI drive, disable the 1007A
translation feature (install jumper W8 and W14). This type of ESDI
drive is always configured at 17 sectors per track.

6. Partition your hard disk drives by following the partitioning
instructions with your operating system.

7. Complete high-level format routine using the "Format C: (or
D:)/S" command in your operating system.

LOW LEVEL FORMAT

USING WDFMT UTILITY

Western Digital provides a low-level format utility that allows you
to prepare the drive for use by the system. You may elect to use
this utility to perform the low-level formatting routine, if your
system BIOS supports ESDI type drives. The program includes routines
for low-level formatting, disk verify, surface analysis and bad track
entry. When using the 1007A board, use a 1:1 interleave, a skew of
2, and format the drive at 35 sectors per track with an alternate
sector. WDFMT 2.10 presents the following display:

***Western Digital Corporation***
AT Disk Format Utility
Rev. 2.10

Current drive parameters are:

Drive (0/1) : 0
Cylinders : 615
Heads : 4
Sectors : 17
Interleave : 3
Precomp : 306
Skew : 0
Alt Sector : No

ENTER MENU CHOICE

Format disk CAUTION this will destroy all
data on drive!

Verify disk
Bad sector
entry
Surface test CAUTION this will destroy all
data on drive!
Quit

SECTOR SKEWING

Sector skewing is a method of formatting a drive by which sector
numbers are rotated in the interleave table each time a new head on a
cylinder is formatted. Selecting a skew of 2 causes the first sector
after index on Head 0 to be identified as Sector 1. The sector
identified as Sector 1 on Head 1 is the third physical sector from
index as shown in the following example:

Example: Ten sectors per track with a skew of 2 and 1:1 interleave:

Head Sector Numbers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6

This formatting procedure allows the controller to maintain 1:1
interleave when reading across the head boundary. This becomes
critical when the number of sectors per track increases and the time
allowed for completion of overhead functions decreases. By changing
the sector numbers, the controller has enough time to complete needed
tasks and be ready to read the ID field of the first sector on the
next head.

The minimum sector skew factor for proper performance of the WD1007A
is 2. Different applications may require different skew factors to
optimize performance.

SPARE SECTOR

WDFMT 2.10 also provides the ability to format a spare sector on the
track. This spare sector is identified as Sector 0, making it
invisible to the system BIOS which expects sector numbers starting at
1. This sector is always formatted as the last physical sector on
the track. The surface analysis portion of WDFMT uses the spare
sector if an error is encountered with any sector on a track. The
program reformats the track, numbering the bad sector as zero and
shifting the following sectors one to the right. If more than one
sector is bad, the entire track is marked as bad when reformatted.

This feature is useful since many sustem BIOS ROMs support ESDI
drives that have 34 sectors per track. The spare sector option
causes the drive to look like it has only 34 sectors while providing
a spare sector for bad sector reassignment. Software drivers can
also make it possible to utilize the spare sector for storing custom
data.

Partition your hard disk drives by following the partitioning
instructions with your operating system.

Complete high-level format routine using the "Format C: (or D:)/S"
command in your operating system.

Troubleshooting

Problem: 1790 Disk 0 Error.

Cause: No low level format on hard disk. Wrong drive type
selected. Not enough drive power. Bad cables. Improper
drive selection or termination.

Problem: Drive does not partition.

Cause: Check drive types. Note that drive types for the AT
and AT-compatibles differ.

Problem: "Error Reading Fixed Disk" appears when booting from
hard drive.

Cause: DOS partition not active.

Problem: Winchester activity LED continuously lit.

Cause: No problem. Drive LED selected for latched mode.

Problem: For systems with two drives, both Winchester activity
LEDs light at the same time.

Cause: Improper drive selection or termination. Inspect the
drive cables. If the data cables are straight, then set
drive C's drive select switches for drive select 1 and
drive D's drive select switches for drive select 2. If
the data cables have a twist, set both drives' select
switches for drive select 2. Consult your drive manuals
or dealer for drive switch settings. Finally, under no
circumstances, use twisted floppy cables for the
Winchester drive. Floppy and Winchester drive interface
connections differ significantly.

Problem: Slow and inefficient operation.

Cause: The typical cause for this problem is an
incorrect interleave factor. Therefore, some
experimentation with the interleave factor may be
necessary. (Refer to the format instructions for setting
interleave factor). Interleave factors are very dependent
on the host operating system and application.

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